Chapter 3

Question 0

Axon

Answer 0

A nerve fiber that typically sends electrical impulses away from the neurons cell body

Question 1

Neuron

Answer 1

A brain or nerve cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system

Question 2

Dendrite

Answer 2

A branching structure arising from the cell body that typically receives electrical impulses from the axons of neighboring neurons

Question 3

Synapse

Answer 3

The space between adjoining neurons, across which electrical impulses are sent from the axon of one neuron to the dendrite of another

Question 4

Myelination

Answer 4

The process through which the axon of a neuron is coated with a fatty tissue, which serves as insulation and enhances speed of firing

Question 5

Synaptic pruning

Answer 5

The process by which the brain removes unused synapses through redirecting nutrition, cell injury and cell death

Question 6

Experience-expectant process

Answer 6

Brain development that occurs based on environmental experiences that all members of the species typically encounter

Question 7

Experience-dependent process

Answer 7

Brain development that occurs based on unique environmental stimuli shared only by individuals in particular environmental circumstances

Question 8

Rapid-eye movement sleep

Answer 8

A sleep state during which raid and random eye movements, intense and irregular brain wave activity, and dreaming occur

Question 9

Non-rapid eye movement

Answer 9

Sleep state during which rapid eye moment and dreaming do not occur and brain wave activity is slow and regular

Question 10

Reflex

Answer 10

An involuntary response to a stimuli

Question 11

Newborn reflex

Answer 11

An inborn automatic response to stimuli, which may disappear before the end of the first year of life

Question 12

Gross motor skills

Answer 12

A motor skill that relies on large muscles, such as those in the legs and arms

Question 13

Fine motor skill

Answer 13

A motor skill that relies on small muscles, such as those in the fingers

Question 14

Posture

Answer 14

The way a person holds his or her body as a whole

Question 15

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 15

Paige’s first stage of cognitive development, in which infants develop from reflex-driven organisms to more complex and symbolic thinkers

Question 16

Object permanence

Answer 16

The understanding that an object continues to exist even when it is not immediately present or visible

Question 17

A-not-B error

Answer 17

A mistake made by children in Piagets sensorimotor stage as they search for a hidden object in a location where it has been repeatedly places but is no longer hidden

Question 18

Implicit memory

Answer 18

Repetition of s behavior, such as a leg movement to make an object move, that occurs automatically and without apparent conscious effort

Question 19

Explicit memory

Answer 19

Repetition of a behavior that shows a clear, observable, conscious effort to recall an event, such as when an infant imitates at a later time a behavior seen earlier

Question 20

Habituation

Answer 20

Decreased responding to a stimulus that occurs because of continuous presentation of the stimulus

Question 21

Dishabituation

Answer 21

Increased responding to a stimulus, usually because it is novel

Question 22

Receptive language

Answer 22

Language that an infant understands but may not be able to produce

Question 23

Expressive language

Answer 23

Language that an infant can produce

Question 24

Babbling

Answer 24

The creation of meaningless sounds that typically consist of one syllable

Question 25

Telegraphic speech

Answer 25

The creation of shoe phrases that convey meaning but lack some of the parts of speech that are necessary for a full and complete sentence

Question 26

Joint attention

Answer 26

The ability to direct the attention of a social partner to objects or events and, in turn, follow their attention directing gestures, such as head-turning and pointing

Question 27

Language and acquisition device

Answer 27

The name given by Noam Chomsky to a theoretical structure possessed by all humans that prewires us to learn language and grammar rules

Question 28

Infant-directed speech

Answer 28

A way of speaking to infants that is higher in pitch, simpler, and more repetitive than speech directed at adults or children. It seems to be used automatically when in the presence of an infant

Question 29

Sensation

Answer 29

Physical reception of stimulation

Question 30

Perception

Answer 30

Interpretation of stimulation that occurs in the higher processing centers of the brain

Question 31

Vaccine

Answer 31

A substance that is usually injected into a person to improve immunity against a particular disease

Question 32

Nutrition

Answer 32

The process of consuming carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and other elements in the form of calories, to obtain energy and regulate body functions

Question 33

Exclusive breastfeeding

Answer 33

When infants receive only breastmilk, whether fro, the breast or expressed, and no other liquids or solids including water

Question 34

On-demand breastfeeding

Answer 34

Nursing the baby whenever the baby shows signs of hunger during the day and night, such as by crying or rooting, rather than a coding to a set schedule

Question 35

Complementary feeding

Answer 35

The process of consuming other foods and liquids, along with breast milk, to meet the nutritional require,nets of infants after 6 months of age

Question 36

Otitis media

Answer 36

Infection of the middle ear and a common cause of earaches

Question 37

Lactation amenorrhea

Answer 37

Natural postpartum infertility that occurs when a woman is breastfeeding and her menstrual cycle has not yet returned

Question 38

Malnutrition

Answer 38

A deficiency of one or more key nutrients, such as proteins, vitamins, or minerals, that has a significant impact on energy and the function of bodily systems

Question 39

Protein-energy malnutrition

Answer 39

A type of malnutrition in which insufficient food intake results in a significant lack of protein and calories

Question 40

Graduated extinction

Answer 40

A variety of sleep-training techniques, where parents delay responding to their infants cries from specified intervals of time, and then respond only in a limited and prescribed way

Question 41

Cosleeping

Answer 41

A variety of shared sleeping arrangements, where infant and caregiver sleep within sensory range of one another (on the same or separate surfaces), thereby permitting each to detect and respond to the cues of the other

Question 42

Bedsharing

Answer 42

A specific instance of cosleeping, where infant and caregiver sleep together in the same adult bed

Question 43

Attachment

Answer 43

An enduring emotional bond that connects two people across time and space

Question 44

Sudden infant death syndrome

Answer 44

The term used to describe the sudden and unexplained death, usually during sleep, of a seemingly healthy infant younger than 1 year of age