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Developmental Psych Exam 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

Physical domain of development

A

The domain that refers to the biological systems that make up a human being, including the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems

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1
Q

Cognitive domain of development

A

The domain that refers to the underlying mental functions, such as thinking, memory, attention, and perception

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2
Q

Socioemotional domain of development

A

The domain that refers to the social, cultural, and emotional components of development, such as the family, society, schools and other social institutions

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3
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

The assumption that specific human traits and behaviors develop over the lifespan and are maintained throughout history because those characteristics are adaptive for survival

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4
Q

Developmental perspective

A

The approach and basic set of assumptions that guide the scientific study of growth and maturation across the human lifespan

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5
Q

Developmental psychology

A

The subfield of psychology concerned with studying and understanding human growth and maturation

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6
Q

Life stage

A

A period of time with a beginning and an end within which distinct developmental changes occur

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7
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

The developmental stage between adolescence and adulthood during which individuals are searching for a sense of identity and maturity

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8
Q

Culture

A

The beliefs, customs, arts, and so on, of a particular society, group, and place

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9
Q

Nature

A

The hereditary influences that are passed from the genes of biological parents to their offspring

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10
Q

Nurture

A

The environmental influences that have an impact on development, including social, geographic, and economic factors

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11
Q

Developmental continuity

A

A characteristic or feature of an individual that stays the same as a person matures through the lifespan

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12
Q

Developmental discontinuity

A

A characteristic or feature of an individual that changes as a person matures through the lifespan

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13
Q

Normative event

A

An incident that matches the sequential and historical events shared by the majority of people

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14
Q

Nonormative event

A

An incident that does not happen to everyone or that happens at a different time than typically expected by others

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15
Q

Gender

A

The social constructions and expectations regarding what it means to be a male or a female

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16
Q

Race

A

A way of categorizing humans that typically focuses on psychical traits

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17
Q

Ethnicity

A

A specific set of psychical, cultural, regional, or national characteristics that identifies and differentiates one person or group from others

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18
Q

Socioeconomic status (SES)

A

The combination of a persons education, occupation, and income

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19
Q

Scientific method

A

The specific procedures researchers use to ask and test scientific questions in a way that makes connections between observations and leads to understanding

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20
Q

Describe

A

A goal of developmental science in which careful observations of behavior are made and recorded

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21
Q

Explain

A

A goal of developmental science that focuses on identifying the underlying causes of behavior

22
Q

Optimize

A

A goal of developmental science that applies current information to future possibilities in the service of enchanting development

23
Q

Empirical study

A

A scientific study if human behavior and development using direct observation and measurement of variables, such as heart rate, physical changes, and behavioral responses

24
Q

Anecdotal evidence

A

Nonscientific observations including personal experiences

25
Q

Theory

A

A coherent set of statements that, explains an observation or set of observations in relation to one another

26
Q

Eclectic

A

Drawing on a broad range of ideas and perspectives from various sources

27
Q

Id

A

Represents instincts

28
Q

Ego

A

Part of the mind that deals with reality and mediates between the id instincts and superego morals

29
Q

Superego

A

Represents the internalized rules for socially appropriate behavior

30
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

A treatment method introduced by Sigmund Freud to relieve mental distress by freeing conflicts from the unconscious, bringing them into conscious awareness so they can be resolved

31
Q

Stage theory

A

A theory that rests on the assumption that development is discontinuous, with new features of development emerging at each distinct stage

32
Q

Libidinal energy

A

The vital energy that brings life through sexual behavior

33
Q

Guided participation

A

A process in which a more experienced teacher becomes an interactive guide, helping a younger or less experienced person do tasks that he or she could not complete independently

34
Q

Scaffold

A

The process of assisting a less experienced individual through complex tasks by providing supports, which may be verbal or physical

35
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

Vygotsky’s term for the range of tasks that a person can not accomplish independently but that can be done with the assistance of a person with more experience or more advanced cognitive ability

36
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A type of learning that occurs when an original stimulus acquires a capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by a different stimulus

37
Q

Behaviorism

A

Theoretical perspective on learning that assumes human development occurs as a result of social experiences shaping behaviors

38
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A learning process through which the likelihood of a specific behavior is increased or decreased through positive or negative reinforcement

39
Q

Ethological perspective

A

A theory that assumes that human development is an outcome of individual experiences in the social environment that provide information about which behaviors should be adopted to increase chances of survival

40
Q

Imprinting

A

Learning at a particular age or stage that is rapid and independent of the consequences of behavior

41
Q

Developmental systems theory

A

A metatheory that draws from and integrates many theories, sources, and research studies related to human development

42
Q

Ecological systems model

A

A theoretical approach to the study of human development that emphasizes five environmental systems that influence individual development and assumes that individuals shape the contexts in which they develop

43
Q

Operational definition

A

A definition that uses words that are quantitative, in order to allow some form of measurement

44
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable controlled by the experimenter to observe the impact it has on the behavior of interest

45
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable measured by the experimenter to observe the effects of the independent variable

46
Q

Experimental group

A

The group or groups that receive the manipulation of the independent variable, which is often call the treatment

47
Q

Cross-sectional design

A

Researchers in which different age groups are compared simultaneously

48
Q

Longitudinal design

A

Research in which one group of subjects is followed for an extended period

49
Q

Cross-sequential design

A

Research in which an experimenter combines the benefits of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs by adding a new group of subjects at progressive intervals

50
Q

Cohort effect

A

The unique impact a given historical era has on people living during that period as compared to people living during a different historical period

51
Q

Confidentiality

A

Refers to the responsibility of researchers to keep private the identity and data of all research participants

52
Q

Informed consent

A

The process of requesting that research participants assert in writing that they understand the study, know that they can withdraw at any time, and agree to participate

53
Q

Debriefing

A

The process of explaining the true purposes and hypotheses of a study

Developmental Psych Exam 1 (4 decks)

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