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Developmental Psych Exam 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Physical domain of development

A

The domain that refers to the biological systems that make up a human being, including the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems

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1
Q

Cognitive domain of development

A

The domain that refers to the underlying mental functions, such as thinking, memory, attention, and perception

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2
Q

Socioemotional domain of development

A

The domain that refers to the social, cultural, and emotional components of development, such as the family, society, schools and other social institutions

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3
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

The assumption that specific human traits and behaviors develop over the lifespan and are maintained throughout history because those characteristics are adaptive for survival

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4
Q

Developmental perspective

A

The approach and basic set of assumptions that guide the scientific study of growth and maturation across the human lifespan

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5
Q

Developmental psychology

A

The subfield of psychology concerned with studying and understanding human growth and maturation

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6
Q

Life stage

A

A period of time with a beginning and an end within which distinct developmental changes occur

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7
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

The developmental stage between adolescence and adulthood during which individuals are searching for a sense of identity and maturity

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8
Q

Culture

A

The beliefs, customs, arts, and so on, of a particular society, group, and place

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9
Q

Nature

A

The hereditary influences that are passed from the genes of biological parents to their offspring

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10
Q

Nurture

A

The environmental influences that have an impact on development, including social, geographic, and economic factors

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11
Q

Developmental continuity

A

A characteristic or feature of an individual that stays the same as a person matures through the lifespan

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12
Q

Developmental discontinuity

A

A characteristic or feature of an individual that changes as a person matures through the lifespan

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13
Q

Normative event

A

An incident that matches the sequential and historical events shared by the majority of people

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14
Q

Nonormative event

A

An incident that does not happen to everyone or that happens at a different time than typically expected by others

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15
Q

Gender

A

The social constructions and expectations regarding what it means to be a male or a female

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16
Q

Race

A

A way of categorizing humans that typically focuses on psychical traits

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17
Q

Ethnicity

A

A specific set of psychical, cultural, regional, or national characteristics that identifies and differentiates one person or group from others

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18
Q

Socioeconomic status (SES)

A

The combination of a persons education, occupation, and income

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19
Q

Scientific method

A

The specific procedures researchers use to ask and test scientific questions in a way that makes connections between observations and leads to understanding

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20
Q

Describe

A

A goal of developmental science in which careful observations of behavior are made and recorded

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21
Q

Explain

A

A goal of developmental science that focuses on identifying the underlying causes of behavior

22
Q

Optimize

A

A goal of developmental science that applies current information to future possibilities in the service of enchanting development

23
Q

Empirical study

A

A scientific study if human behavior and development using direct observation and measurement of variables, such as heart rate, physical changes, and behavioral responses

24
Anecdotal evidence
Nonscientific observations including personal experiences
25
Theory
A coherent set of statements that, explains an observation or set of observations in relation to one another
26
Eclectic
Drawing on a broad range of ideas and perspectives from various sources
27
Id
Represents instincts
28
Ego
Part of the mind that deals with reality and mediates between the id instincts and superego morals
29
Superego
Represents the internalized rules for socially appropriate behavior
30
Psychoanalysis
A treatment method introduced by Sigmund Freud to relieve mental distress by freeing conflicts from the unconscious, bringing them into conscious awareness so they can be resolved
31
Stage theory
A theory that rests on the assumption that development is discontinuous, with new features of development emerging at each distinct stage
32
Libidinal energy
The vital energy that brings life through sexual behavior
33
Guided participation
A process in which a more experienced teacher becomes an interactive guide, helping a younger or less experienced person do tasks that he or she could not complete independently
34
Scaffold
The process of assisting a less experienced individual through complex tasks by providing supports, which may be verbal or physical
35
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky's term for the range of tasks that a person can not accomplish independently but that can be done with the assistance of a person with more experience or more advanced cognitive ability
36
Classical conditioning
A type of learning that occurs when an original stimulus acquires a capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by a different stimulus
37
Behaviorism
Theoretical perspective on learning that assumes human development occurs as a result of social experiences shaping behaviors
38
Operant conditioning
A learning process through which the likelihood of a specific behavior is increased or decreased through positive or negative reinforcement
39
Ethological perspective
A theory that assumes that human development is an outcome of individual experiences in the social environment that provide information about which behaviors should be adopted to increase chances of survival
40
Imprinting
Learning at a particular age or stage that is rapid and independent of the consequences of behavior
41
Developmental systems theory
A metatheory that draws from and integrates many theories, sources, and research studies related to human development
42
Ecological systems model
A theoretical approach to the study of human development that emphasizes five environmental systems that influence individual development and assumes that individuals shape the contexts in which they develop
43
Operational definition
A definition that uses words that are quantitative, in order to allow some form of measurement
44
Independent variable
The variable controlled by the experimenter to observe the impact it has on the behavior of interest
45
Dependent variable
The variable measured by the experimenter to observe the effects of the independent variable
46
Experimental group
The group or groups that receive the manipulation of the independent variable, which is often call the treatment
47
Cross-sectional design
Researchers in which different age groups are compared simultaneously
48
Longitudinal design
Research in which one group of subjects is followed for an extended period
49
Cross-sequential design
Research in which an experimenter combines the benefits of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs by adding a new group of subjects at progressive intervals
50
Cohort effect
The unique impact a given historical era has on people living during that period as compared to people living during a different historical period
51
Confidentiality
Refers to the responsibility of researchers to keep private the identity and data of all research participants
52
Informed consent
The process of requesting that research participants assert in writing that they understand the study, know that they can withdraw at any time, and agree to participate
53
Debriefing
The process of explaining the true purposes and hypotheses of a study

Developmental Psych Exam 1 (4 decks)

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