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PSY 317 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of scale

A

Reliability

Validity

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2
Q

Three ways to measure behavior

A

Observational
Physiological
Self-Report

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3
Q

Term scale refer to

A
  1. How a participant responded on a particular question (e.g. How much do you enjoy reading)
    and Several questions that measure the same idea
    • each question is used to give you a total sore extraversion(multi-item questionnaire use)
      example: How much do you like reading? How much do you like reading fictional books?
  2. Types of scale
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4
Q

Different types of scales that correspond to these questions

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

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5
Q

Nominal (name) Scale

A 
answers to questions that relate to performance or characteristic  with no quantitative values 
Examples: What is your hair color?
Where do you live?
Are you a coffee drinker?
Do you own a computer?
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6
Q

What does nominal data tell us??

A

1.Rates (incidences) of responses
Example: 52% of my sample reported to be coffee drinkers
2. Able to see if their are differences within another measure based on their nominal responses
Example: Do VCU students report to be more of a coffer drinker than JMU students?
1=VCU students
2=JMU students

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7
Q

Ordinal (order) Scales

A 
responses tells us a correlative ranking order..(rank)
Examples: How do you feel today?
1-very unhappy
2-unhappy
3-ok
4-happy
5-very happy
** doesn't tell us how much difference there was, only which one is larger
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8
Q

Interval (space in-between) Scale

A

Are numeric scales that tells is the order and difference between the set of values. (scores)
*No true zero** zero doesn’t mean the absents of something
Examples: Temperature
The difference between 40 ad 50 degrees is a measurable 10 degrees
Other example:
-Time
-Dates
-Sea levels

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9
Q

ratio

A

Includes everything: (numbers)

  • meaningful distance between numbers
  • true zero point-zero means nothing
  • Numbers correspond to numbers and not labels
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10
Q

Examples of ratio

A

weight
test scores
income level
height

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11
Q

Reliability and Validity

A

Important to study due to error variance

helps us determine how much we should trust our measures

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12
Q

Error variance (4-main Causes)

A
  1. Individual differences
  2. situational factors
    • room tempt
    • mood of participants
    • experimenter’s personality
  3. Characteristics of measures
    • understanding of the question
    • Reactivity
  4. mistakes
    - coding answers
    - Distractions (random counting such as taps or eye blinking and sneezing)
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13
Q

Reliability

A

refers to whether we get similar answers every time we measure
Remember lucky 7 (and one 3)

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14
Q

Reliability of a measure

A

Consistency of a measuring technique
Reliability= systematic variance/total variance
70% or greater is considered reliable
Correlation coefficient (type of effect size)
-ranges from 0 to 1
-can be + or -
-higher the value the more the two variables are related
**Squaring the coefficient gives us the proportion of total variance that is systematically related to the measurement.

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15
Q

Lucky 7’s (and one 3)

A

Systematic Variance ≥ 70%
Total Variance
2. A person is tested multiple times and the correlation between the scores is > .7
3. Item total correlation is at least .3 or higher with the other items
4. Cronbach’s alpha is at least .7

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16
Q

Types of reliability

A

test-retest
inter-item
inter-rater

17
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

means that a person should score about the same each time they are measured
How to calculate test-retest reliability: measure the person on two occasions and look at the correlation’s between the two scores
**Good test-retest would be a correlation of ≥.7

18
Q

Interitem reliability

A
  • refers to how consistent the questions (times) are to each other
  • use when there is a multi-item questionnaire to help us measure the behavior and characteristics
  • where we average all the question responses to obtain a single score
19
Q

Calculating Interitem reliability

A

look at the the item total correlations

  • items should correlate moderately if same measures are used.
  • item needs to be .3 or higher with the other items
  • Also, uses Cronbach’s alpha coefficient- Needs to be at least .7
20
Q

Interrater reliability

A
  • used when we use people to observe people and code behavior
  • amount of agreement between other coders
  • want the level of agreement to be high
21
Q

Increasing reliability

A
  • measure participants int he same environment
  • make question clear
  • train observer judges
  • minimize coding errors
22
Q

Validity

A

measuring what we want to measure

Example: we want to know a foreign person’s ability to speak english we would give the a TOEFL test.

23
Q

Types of Validity

A

Face validity
Construct validity
Criterion-related validity

24
Q

Face Validity

A

it looks like we are measuring what we want.
Example: how much do you prefer iPhones over galaxy?
Problem: social desirability

25
Q

Construct Validity

A

observes whether one measure correlates to other measures.
(established by looking at numerous studies that use the test being evaluated.)
Example: What makes person happy?

26
Q

Measures with correlation coefficients

A

convergent validity

divergent validity

27
Q

convergent validity

A

Should have high correlation with other measures that are similar
Example:If I said that friendliness was highly correlated with lots of volunteer time, that would make sense,

28
Q

divergent validity

A

Should have low correlation with items that are different
Example:If friendliness was highly correlated to how many times that person ate pizza, that wouldn’t make sense…it should be uncorrelated

29
Q

Criterion-related validity

A

let us know if we can predict a behavioral outcome from a measure
Example: GRE scores predict whether you will do well in grad school

30
Q

Criterion-Related Validity Example

A
  • let’s say we measure someone’s physical fitness and find that they are in good physical condition.
    • What might we predict in the short run? In the long run?
31
Q

Criterion-Related Validity Example

A

Short Term (concurrent validity)
Can probably run a mile faster than average
Can do a push-ups and/or pull ups
Can bench press at least ½ their body weight

Long Term (predictive validity)
Less likely to have health problems
Fewer visits to the doctor
Less chance of type 2 diabetes

PSY 317 (4 decks)

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