Chapter 3

Question 1

Answer 1

1. Selective Attention and Emotional Marker Response
2. Perceptual Organization and Interpretation
3. Attitudes and Behaviour

Question 2

Answer 2

1. Supervisor forms expectations about the employee
2. Supervisor’s expectations influence his/her behaviour toward the employee
3. Supervisor’s behaviour affects employee’s abilities and self-confidence
4. Employee’s behaviour becomes consistent with supervisor’s expectations

Question 3

Answer 3

1. open area
2. blind area
3. unknown area
4. hidden area

Question 4

Attribution Process

Answer 4

The perceptual process of deciding whether an observed behaviour or event is caused largely by internal or external factors.

Question 5

Categorical Thinking

Answer 5

Organizing people and objects into preconceived categories that are stored in our long-term memory.

Question 6

Confirmation Bias

Answer 6

The tendency to screen out information that is contrary to our decisions, beliefs, values, and assumptions, and to more readily accept confirming information.

Question 7

Contact Hypothesis

Answer 7

A theory stating that the more we interact with someone, the less prejudiced or perceptually biased we will be against that person

Question 8

Empathy

Answer 8

A person’s understanding of and sensitivity to the feelings, thoughts, and situation of others.

Question 9

False-Consensus Effect

Answer 9

A perceptual error in which we overestimate the extent to which others have beliefs and characteristics similar to our own.

Question 10

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 10

The tendency to see the person rather than the situation as the main cause of that person’s behaviour.

Question 11

Global Mindset

Answer 11

An individual’s ability to perceive, appreciate, and empathize with people from other cultures and to process complex cross-cultural information.

Question 12

Halo Effect

Answer 12

A perceptual error whereby our general impression of a person, usually based on one prominent characteristic, distorts our perception of other characteristics of that person.

Question 13

Locus of Control

Answer 13

A person’s general belief about the amount of control he or she has over personal life events.

Question 14

Mental Models

Answer 14

Visual or relational images in our mind that represent the external world.

Question 15

Positive Organizational Behaviour

Answer 15

A perspective of organizational behaviour that focuses on building positive qualities and traits within individuals or institutions as opposed to focusing on what is wrong with them.

Question 16

Primacy Effect

Answer 16

A perceptual error in which we quickly form an opinion of people on the basis of the first information we receive about them.

Question 17

Recency Effect

Answer 17

A perceptual error in which the most recent information dominates our perception of others.

Question 18

Selective Attention

Answer 18

The process of attending to some information received by our senses and ignoring other information.

Question 19

Self-Concept

Answer 19

An individual’s self-beliefs and self-evaluations.

Question 20

Self-Efficacy

Answer 20

A person’s belief that he or she has the ability, motivation, correct role perceptions, and favourable situation to complete a task successfully.

Question 21

Self-Enhancement

Answer 21

A person’s inherent motivation to have a positive self-concept (and to have others perceive him/her favourably), such as being competent, attractive, lucky, ethical, and important.

Question 22

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 22

The perceptual process in which our expectations about another person cause that person to act in a way that is consistent with those expectations.

Question 23

Self-Serving Bias

Answer 23

The tendency to attribute our favourable outcomes to internal factors and our failures to external factors.

Question 24

Self-Verification

Answer 24

A person’s inherent motivation to confirm and maintain his/her existing self-concept.

Question 25

Social Identity Theory

Answer 25

A theory that explains that people define themselves by the groups to which they belong or have an emotional attachment.

Question 26

Stereotyping

Answer 26

The process of assigning traits to people on the basis of their membership in a social category.

Question 27

Perception

Answer 27

The process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us.

Question 28

Johari Window

Answer 28

A model of mutual understanding that encourages disclosure and feedback to increase our own open area and reduce the blind, hidden, and unknown areas.