Chapter 3 Flashcards
Nursing assessment requires the nurse to have the ability to interpret how the complex interactions of ____; ___; and____;, ____, and psychologic development affect an individual at a particular time.
heredity, environment, psychologic, cognitive
the goals of healthy people 2020 are:
to eliminate preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death; achieve health equity, create environments that promote good health; and promote healthy development and behaviors across the life span
____ and ____ are dynamic processes that describe how people change over time
growth and development
Define Growth
involves measurable physical change and increase in size
what are indicators of growth
height, weight, bone size and dentition
Define development
an orderly, progressive increase in the complexity of the total person
Development is continuous throughout the life cycle as the individual progresses through the following stages:
physiologic maturation, cognitive development, and personality development
Heredity is a determinant of physical characteristics such as:
stature, gender and race
Define Cephalocaudal
head to toe direction
Four commonly accepted principles define the orderly, sequential progression of growth and development in all individuals:
- growth and development proceed in a cephalocaudal direction.
- growth and development occur in a proximal to distal direction, or from the center of the body outward
- development proceeds from simple to complex or from the general to specific
- differentiated development begins with a generalized response and progresses to a skilled specific response
3 theories of development
cognitive theory, psychoanalytic theory, and psychosocial theory
define cognitive theory
explores how people learn to think, reason, and use language.
4 states Paiget theorized in cognitive theory
- sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operations 4. formal operations
Object permanence is
the knowledge that objects continue to exist when not seen
which stage of paiget theory, in the cognitive theory, is object permanence and object recognition part of?
Stage 1 sensorimotor
In stage 2 of paiget theory of cognitive theory what is expected?
highly egocentric, the child is able to view the world only from an individual perspective
What paiget stage is : symbolic functioning is the ability to make one thing represent a different thing that is not present.
stage 3
what paige stage is stage 4?
the child uses rational thinking and deductive reasoning. thinking in abstract terms is possible
Freud believed that people are constantly adjusting to environmental changes, and that this adjustment creates conflict between ___ ___ and ___ ___.
outside forces and inner forces
what does freud mean by outside forces
environment
what does freud mean by inside forces
instinct
psychoanalytic theory defined
the structure of personality as consisting of three parts: the id, the ego, and the superego.
what is the id
personality at birth which is the source of instinctive and unconscious urges
what is the ego
the seat of consciousness and mediates between the inner instinctual desires of the id and outer world. eventually the ego takes over the id
The superego is defined
is the conscience of the personality, acting as a censor of thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
Freud has 5 stages of psychosexual development They are:
- oral phase, 2. anal phase, 3. phallic phase, 4. latency phase, 5. genital stage
Erikson believed that the ego is the ___ ___ of the personality
conscious core
Erikson’s psychosocial theory states
culture and society influence development across the entire life span
8 stages of erikson’s psychosocial theory are:
- trust vs. mistrust 2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3. initiative vs. guilt 4. industry vs. inferiority 5. identity vs. role diffusion 6. intimacy vs. isolation 7. generativity vs. stagnation 8. integrity vs. despair
what is the age range of infant:
1 month of age to 1 year
what is used to monitor infant growth:
height weight and head circumference
infants gain weight at a rate of __ to __ oz weekly during the first 6 months
5 to 7
Much of infant’s physical behavior is ___
reflexive
infant automatisms means
reflexive
ossification means
formation of bone
The Denver II is used to
assess the development of infants and children up to 6 years of age
what are the stages of infant stages of development?
- physiologic growth and development, 2. motor development 3. language development 4. cognitive development 5. psychosocial development
Define Overnutrition in regards to infants:
rate of weight gain is accelerated
Define undernutrition in regards to infants
rate of weight gain is diminished
Hydrocephalus means
enlargement of the head caused by inadequate drainage of cerebrospinal fluid
Do toddlers have boundaries?
No
In toddlers the rate of growth decreases by what year
2
young toddlers have ____ which means protruding abdomen
lordosis
____and ___ motor skills continues at a rapid pace during the toddler ear
gross and fine
What are the “mile markers” for toddlers
- fifteen months 2. eighteen months 3. two years 4. two and half years 5 three years
what is the age of preschooler
3 to 5
preschoolers tend to grow more in ____ than in ___
height than in weight
the preschoolers brain reaches almost its adult size by age __
5
when does school age children begin and end
after decidous teach are shed and puberty starts
in school age children what grows the fastest
skeletal system
Paiget calls school age children ___-
operational
Freud believed that school age children are in a latency stage and is considered a time of ___
sexual quiet
Define adolescents
the transition from childhood to adulthood
3 phases of adolescents
early, middle, and late
during puberty what happens in response to endocrine changes
period of maturation of the reproductive system, primary and secondary sexual characteristics
according to paiget.. the adolescent forms ___ thinking
abstract
definition of young adults
a new life on a chosen career path and in a lifestyle independent of parents
Definition of middle aged adults
signals a half way point with a many years behind an individual as potentially ahead
Both men and women experience a ___ in hormonal production.
decrease
Define older adults
65 years or older with a decline in body functions
5 factors that influence growth and development
- nutrition 2. family 3. culture 4. race and 5. socioeconomic status
what is the body made up of
water, fat, protein, and minerals
Define Family
social system made up of two or more individuals living together who are related by blood marriage or agreement
6 types of familys
nuclear families, extended families, same-sex families, single-parent families, step families, or single-state families
what two things are influenced by cultural factors
growth and developement
socioeconomic status is a major influence on ____ and ____
growth and development
