Chapter 3

Question 1

ontology

Answer 1

assumptions about human nature

-whether or not humans have free will or not and if they do have free will to what extent

Question 2

determinism

Answer 2

assumes that human behavior is governed by forces beyond individual control

Question 3

thrownness

Answer 3

we are thrown into a multitude of arbitrary conditions that influence our lives and opportunities

Question 4

Epistemology

Answer 4

branch of philosophy that deals with knowledge

-is knowledge based on human perception (hearing it fall) or the existence of the phenomena (tree falling)

Question 5

objectivism

Answer 5

belief that reality is material and external to the human

-truth is in reality

Question 6

objectivity

Answer 6

being influence by values, bias, personal feelings, and other subjective factors

Question 7

law

Answer 7

inviolate, unalterable fact that holds true across time and space

Question 8

behaviorism

Answer 8

a form of science that focuses on observable behaviors and that assumes meanings, motives, and other subjective phenomena either font exist or are irrelevant

Question 9

humanism

Answer 9

when external behaviors outward are the signs of mental and psychological processes

Question 10

brute facts

Answer 10

objective concrete phenomena

-observable behaviors

Question 11

institutional facts

Answer 11

what brute facts mean and represent

Question 12

operational definitions

Answer 12

precise definitions that specify phenomena of interest

Question 13

descriptive statistics

Answer 13

use numbers to describe human behavior

Question 14

survey

Answer 14

a questionnaire, or interview that asks respondent stop report on their experiences, feelings, or actions

Question 15

social desirability bias

Answer 15

when participants in research give what they believe to be as socially acceptable answers

Question 16

experiment

Answer 16

controlled study that systemically manipulates one thing to determine the affects on another thing

Question 17

ethnography

Answer 17

interpretive approach to meaning

-attempts to discover what things mean to others by sensitive observation of human activity

Question 18

critical analysis

Answer 18

whether or not the theory will make a real difference in the lives of human beings

Question 19

validity

Answer 19

truth or accuracy of a theory in measuring what it claims to measure

Question 20

internal validity

Answer 20

the degree to which the design and methods used to test a theory actually measure what they claim

Question 21

reliability

Answer 21

consistent accuracy of measurement over time

Question 22

significance

Answer 22

a good theory is useful and allows us to do something we could not do without the theory