Chapter 3 Flashcards by Lorraine Lim

first to discover cells; coined the term “cells”

Robert Hooke

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

has an abundant rough ER and a large golgi apparatus to make and secrete the protein building blocks of its fiber

Fibroblast

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

caries oxygen in the blood, and its biconcave disc shape provides extrasurface area for the smooth flow of cell in the bloodstream

Erythrocyte (RBC)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

its huge spherical is produced by a large lipid droplet in its cytoplasm

Fat cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

contains many lysosomes to digest infectious microorganism

Leukocyte

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

has abundant intermediate filaments and desmosomes that resist tearing when the epithelium is rubbed or pulled

Epithelial

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

filled with abundant contractile filaments, so they can shorten forcefully and move the bones, pump blood, or change the size of internal organs to move substances around the body

Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac Muscles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

receives and transmits messages from one structure to another

Nerve Cell/Neuron

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

contains several copies of all organelles, for distribution to the daughter cells that arise when the fertilized egg divides to become an embryo

Oocyte (female)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

long and streamlined, built for swimming to the egg for fertilization

Sperm (male)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the difference in the concentration of a chemical between one side of the membrane and the other

Concentration Gradient

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the difference in the concentration of ions between one side of the membrane and the other

Electrical Gradient

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the sum of those two gradients

Electrochemical Gradient

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a substance moves down its concentration or electrical gradient to cross the membrane using only its own kinetic energy no input of energy from the cell

Passive Transport

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the net movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Diffusion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

substances move freely through the membrane without assistance

Simple Diffusion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

uses membrane protein like channel o transport protein to move polar substances across the hydrophobic regions of the membrane

Facilitated Diffusion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

movement oof water through the plasma membrane wit the aid of membrane proteins called aquaporins

Osmosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure

Filtration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

requires the use of cellular energy, usually in the form of ATP to energize its protein caries, called solute pumps; low concentration to high concentration

Active Transport

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the movement of specific molecules across a vesicle’s membrane; moves substances into r out of cells “in bulk” without their actually crossing the plasma membrane directly

Vesicular Transport

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

process of capturing a substance from the outside of the cell

Endocytosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cell eating

Phagocytosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cell drinking

Pinocytosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

highly selective in which cells take up specific molecules

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

occurs when a cell produces substance for export such as a protein or when a cell get rid of a product waste or toxin (out of the cell)

Exocytosis

the longer phase of the cycle; the cell grows and carries on its usual metabolic activities

Interphase

centrioles begin to move toward the opposite ends chromosomes have attached randomly to the spindle fibers by their centromeres

Prophase

chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate

Metaphase

separation of sister chromatids, held by half centromeres, toward opposite ends of the cell

Anaphase

chromosomes reach the pole and decondense, spindle fiber disappear, nuclear membrane and nucleoli reforms and 2 daughter cells are formed

Telophase

process of the actual division of the cell into two daughter cells

Cytokinesis

groups of cells that are similar structures and function

Tissue

it is the lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body

Epithelial Tissues

free, unattached, and expos to the body’s exterior or to thecavity of an internal organ

Apical Surface

rests on the basement membrane, a structure-less material secreted by both the epithelial cells and the connective tissue cells deep to the epithelium.

Anchored (basal) Surface

one layer of cells

Simple Epithelium

more than one layer

Stratified Epithelium

one layer of cells in a multilayered appearance

Pseudostratified

flat, squished

Squamous

shaped like a dice or cube

Cuboidal

shaped like columns

Columnar

very thin, they are not specialized for protection function; mostly concerned with absorption, secretion, and filteration

Simple Epithelia

single layer of thin squamous cells fitting

Simple Squamous Epithelium

single layer of cuboidal cells resting on the basement membrane

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

single layer of tall cells that fit closely together

Simple Columnar Epithelium

some cells are shorter than others

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

can be found in the lungs, blood vessels, body cavities, and kidneys

Simple Squamous Epithelium

can be found in salivary glands and pancreas

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

can be found in the uterus, fallopian tube, and respiratory tract

Simple Columnar Epithelium

can be found in the paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity and urethra of the male reproductive tract

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

more durable and function primarily in protection

Stratified Epithelia

most common stratified epithelium in the body;found in areas that often receives abuse or friction

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

can be found on the skin, oral cavity, esophagus vagina, pharynx, and anus

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

has two cell layers with cuboidal surface cells

Stratified Columnar and Cuboidal Epithelium

an be found in the sweat, saliva and mammary glands, and in the pancreas

Stratified Columnar and Cuboidal Epthelium

highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium

Transitional Epithelium

can make and secrete a particular product, such as mucous, digestive juices

Glandular Epithelium

loses their ducts; all their secretions diffuse directly into the blood vessels

Endocrine Glands

retain their ducts; their secretion exits through the ducts to epithelial suface

Exocrine Glands

most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue types

Connective Tissues

produced by the connective tissue cells and ten secreted to their exterior

Extracellular Matrix

composed of water, some cell adhesion proteins, and large, polysaccharide molecules

Ground Substance

made of connective tissue cells and secreted into the ground substance where they jin together to form various fiber types

Fibers

have high tensile strength; white

Collagen Fibers

ability to stretch and recoil; yellow

Elastic Fiber

fine collagen fibers that form the internal skeletonof soft organs

Reticular Fibers

protect and support other body organs because of its rocklike hardness; composed of osteocytes (bone cells) sitting in cavities called lacunae (pits), which are surrounded by layers of very hard matrix containing calcium salts and collagen fibers

Bone

less hard and more flexible than bone

Cartilage

most widespread; has abundant collagen fibers hidden by a rubbery, glassy, blue-white matrix

Hyaline Cartilage

found in structures with elasticity

Elastic Cartilage

forms strong, rope-like structures and makes up the dermis; mainly composed of collagen fibers in the matrix and rows of fibroblasts

Dense Connective/ Fibrous Tissue

connect skeletal muscles to bones

Tendon

connect bones to bones at joints

Ligaments

consists of blood cells surrounded by a nonliving, fluid matrix; its fibers are soluble proteins, that become visible only during blood clotting

Blood

most widely distributed connective tissue; cushion and protects body organs it wraps

Areolar Connective Tissue

soft layer of areolar connective tissue that underlies all mucous membranes

Lamina Propria

forms the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin, where it insulates and protects the body; acts as fat deposite, where fat is stored and available for fuel if needed

Adipose Connective Tissue

consists of a delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers associated with reticular cells, which resemble fibroblasts

Reticular Connective Tissue

highly specialized to contract, or shorten, which generates the force required to produce movement

Muscular Tissue

packaged by connective tissues sheets into organs, which are attached to the skeleton

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

found only in the heart wall

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

found in the walls of hollow organs

Smooth / Visceral Muscle Tissue

all neurons receives and conduct electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another; found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Nervous Tissue

general body response that attempts to prevent further injury

Inflammation

delicate pink tissue composed largely of new capillaries that grow into the damage area from undamage blood vessels nearby

Granulation Tissue Forms

replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

Regeneration

repair by dense connective tissue, forming a scar

Fibrosis