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Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

studies the composition structure, properties, and changes of matter

A

Chemistry

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2
Q

mostly concerned with the study of carbon-containing chemicals

A

Organic Chemistry

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3
Q

the study of all elements of compound other than carbon-containing elements

A

Inorganic Chemistry

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4
Q

the study of qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements and compounds

A

Analytical Chemistry

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5
Q

the study of reaction rates, mechanisms, bonding and structures

A

Physical Chemistry

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6
Q

anything that occupies space and has mass

A

Matter

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7
Q

3 States of Matter

A
  1. Solid
  2. Liquid
  3. Gas
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8
Q

States that matter is neither created nor destroyed in an isolated system, but rather can only change into different states/forms

A

Law of Conservation of Matter

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9
Q

ability to do work and cause changes

A

Energy

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10
Q

2 Types of Energy

A
  1. Potential Energy - inactive and stored
  2. Kinetic Energy - active and in motion
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11
Q

the body breaks down the food into glucose and other molecules, which is used to produces ATP

A

Chemical Energy from food

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12
Q

encompasses the biological processes that convert food into energy

A

Metabolism

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13
Q

when muscles contract, they convert chemical energy from ATP into kinetic energy allowing movement

A

Kinetic Energy in Muscles

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14
Q

the body generates heat through metabolism to maintain a stable internal temperature

A

Thermal Energy

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15
Q

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, and can only be transformed from one form to another

A

Law of Conservation of Energy

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16
Q

basic unit or building block of matter

A

Atom

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17
Q

formed by protons and neutrons, contains most of the atomic mass, and is the central part of an atom

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

negatively charged article found outside the nucleus

A

Electron

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19
Q

positively charged particle found inside the nucleus

A

Proton

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20
Q

neutral charged particle found inside the nucleus

A

Neutron

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21
Q

positively charged ions

A

Cations

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22
Q

negatively charged ions

A

anions

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23
Q

Major Elements in the Body (96.1%)

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Hydrogen
  3. Oxygen
  4. Nitrogen
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24
Q

Minor Elements in the Body (3.9%)

A
  1. Sodium
  2. Phosphorus
  3. Sulfur
  4. Chlorine
  5. Potassium
  6. Calcium
  7. Iron
  8. Iodine
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25
group of two or more atoms chemically bonded together
Molecules
26
substances that is a combination of two or more different elements
Compund
27
contain the same elements in the same proportion by mass
Fixed Composition
28
have chemical and physical properties different from their constituent elements
Different from Elements
29
can be broken down into elements or other compounds through chemical reactions
Can Be Broken Down
30
forces that hold atoms together to form molecules and compunds
Chemical Bonds
31
Metal + Non-Metal; transfer of electrons
Ionic Bond
32
Non-metal + Non-metal; sharing of electron pairs to achieve a stable electron configuration
Covalent Bond
33
unequal sharing of electrons
Polar Covalent Bonds
34
equal sharing of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
35
occurs hen a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an “electron-hungry’ or highly electronegativity atomis attracted by another electronegative atom
Hydrogen Bond
36
occurs between molecules
Intermolecular
37
occurs within a single molecule
Intramolecular
38
two or more substances combine o form a more complex compound
Synthesis/Combination Reaction
39
a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances
Decomposition Reaction
40
involves both synthesis and decomposition; bonds in the original compounds are broken, and new bonds are formed to produce different compounds
Exchange Reaction
41
do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds
Inorganic Compounds
42
most abundant inorganic compound in the body
Water
43
it absorbs and release large amount of heat
High Heat Capacity
44
universal solvent; acts as transport and exchange medium in the body
Polarity/Solvent Properties
45
important reactant in some chemical reactions
Chemical Reaction
46
addition of water to breakdown or split polymers into monomers
hydrolysis
47
protective function
cushioning
48
result from the neutralization reaction of an acid and base; crystalline structures when solid
Salt
49
process of salt breaking down and spreading out into their ions
Dissociation
50
proton (H+) donors; an ionize and dissociate in water
Acids
51
Common Acid found in body
1. Acetic 2. Lactic 3. Citric 4. Carbonic 5. Hydrochloric 6. Phosphoric 7. Amino
52
proton (H+) acceptors
Bases
53
help maintain pH balance in the blood and other body fluids
Buffering Agents
54
neutralize stomach acid in the intestines to protect the intestinal lining and provide optimal conditions for enzyme activity
Digestion
55
occurs when an acid and a base react to each other
Neutralization
56
concentration of acidic or basic substances in a solution, which is measured using the pH scale
Acid-Base Concentration
57
measure of the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in solutions or body fluids
pH Level
58
solutions that resist changes in pH when small amounts of acids or bases are added
Buffers
59
carbon-containing compound
Organic Compound
60
chainlike molecules made of many similar or repeating units called monomers that are joined together by dehydration synthesis
Polymers
61
process where a hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group is removed from the monomer it is to be joined with; turns monomers into polymers
Dehydration Synthesis
62
main source of energy; means hydrated carbon; contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbohydrates
63
simplest form of carbohydrates and the building blocks of mo complex carbohydrates; one sugar/simple sugar
Monosaccharides
64
example of monosaccharides
1. Glucose - primary energy source 2. Galactose - found in milk 3. Fructose - sweetest 4. Ribose - RNA 5. Deoxyribose DNA
65
double sugars formed when two simple sugars are joined together by dehydration synthesis
Disaccharides
66
Example of disaccharides
1. Sucrose - glucose-fructose; cane sugar 2. Lactose - glucose- galactose; found in milk 3. Maltose - glucose- glucose; malt sugar
67
long, branching chains of linked simple sugars
Polysaccharides
68
example of polysaccharides
1. Starch - energy storage for plants 2. Glycogen - energy storage for animals
69
large and diverse group of organic compound
Lipids/Fat
70
they are a primary source of long-term energy storage
Triglycerides
71
contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms; solid at room temperature
Saturated Fats
72
contains 1-2 double bond between carbon atoms; liquid at room temperature
Unsaturated Fats
73
Types of Unsaturated fats
1. Trans Fat - 2. Monounsaturated Fat - one bond 3. Polyunsaturated Fat - two bond
74
contains a phosphorus-containing group (polar head/hydrophilic), a glycerol backbone, and 2 fatty acid chains (non-polar tail /hydrophobic)
Phospholipids
75
flat molecules formed of four interlocking carbon rings
Steroids
76
most common and abundant steroids in the body
Cholesterol
77
breakdown product of cholesterol
Bile Salt
78
account for over 50% of the organic matter in the body
Proteins
79
building blocks of protein
Amino Acids
80
Structural level of Proteins
1. Primary Structure 2. Secondary Structure 3. Tertiary Structure 4. Quaternary Structure
81
backbone of the protein molecules; resembles a strand of amino acid “beads”
Primary Structure
82
result from the twisting, bending, or interaction of amino acid chains
Secondary Structure
83
the overall 3d structure of the polyeptide protein
Tertiary Structure
84
occurs as the result of interactions of 2 or more polypeptides
Quaternary Structure
85
strand-like proteins that appear mostly in body structures; aka structural proteins
Fibrous Protein
86
mobile, generally compact, and spherical; aka functional proteins
Globular Proteins
87
functional proteins that acts as biological catalyst; increase the rate of chemical reactions
Enzymes
88
substrates bind at active site, temporarily forming an enzyme-substate complex
Substrate Binding
89
the enzyme faciliates chemical reaction and joins the substrates together, absorbing energy to form a bond; water is released as by product
Reaction and Product Formation
90
the newly formed product is released from the enzyme
Product Release
91
make up the gene; largest biological molecules in the body
Nucleic Acids
92
ing blocks of nucleic acids
Nucleotides
93
provides a form of chemical energy that all body cells can use; ‘energy currency’
ATP/Adenosine Triphosphate

Anaphy (4 decks)

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