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AP Psychology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroscience

A

Field that focuses on the nervous system and the brain

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2
Q

Biopsychology

A

Studies the interaction of biology, behavior, and the environment. The nervous system and the endocrine system use chemical messengers to communicate with targets throughout the body. IE a combo of neuroscience and psychology

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3
Q

Sensory (afferent) Neurons

A

Carry messages from sense receptors towards the CNS [brain and spinal cord]

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4
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons

A

Carry messages from CNS toward muscles and glands

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5
Q

Interneurons

A

Carry messages between nerve cells as in the brain and spinal cord. Responsible for reflexes like hammer on knee/pulling hand from stove. Impulses don’t get to brain in these instances.

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6
Q

what is SAME

A

Sensory – Afferent Motor – Efferent

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7
Q

dendrite

A

receives NTs and carries info to the soma

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8
Q

soma

A

the cell body

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9
Q

hillock

A

where soma meets axon (NA and K)

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10
Q

what is the charge of a neuron

A

negative k potassium on the inside and na sodium positive on the outside

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11
Q

axon

A

long fiber that conducts info

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12
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulation on axon

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13
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

spaces in sheath

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14
Q

terminal button

A

end of the neurons

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15
Q

vesicles

A

where neurotransmitters are stored

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16
Q

synapse

A

structure allowing neuron to pass electrical/chemical charge to another

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17
Q

resting potential

A

a neuron at rest

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18
Q

action potential

A

a neural impuse cause by k and na ions – salty banana na on outside k on inside (initiates at or near the hillock)

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19
Q

all or nothing principle

A

a neuron fires fully or not at all

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20
Q

glial cells (glue)

A

provide structural support for neurons help in forming new synapses form myelin sheath (specifically schwann cells)

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21
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurons firing as if youre in it

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22
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that carry neural messages across the synapse

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23
Q

Dopamine: Normal function

A

brain; sensations of pleasure and reward – body; voluntary movement

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24
Q

dopamine: imbalance

A

schizophrenia, parkinson’s disease

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25
dopamine: substances
cocaine, amphetamines, meth, ritalin, alcohol, marijuana
26
serotonin: normal function
involved in sleep and dreaming; mood hunger, and arousal
27
27
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28
29
serotonin imbalance
depression, some anxiety disorders, OCD
30
serotonin substances
prozac, ecstasy, hallucinogenics (LSD)
31
norepinephrine normal function
controls heart rate, arousal, alertness and apetite -- adrenaline
32
norepinephrine imbalance
high blood pressure, depression
33
norepinephrine substances
tricyclic antidepressants, beta blockers,
34
acetylcholine normal function
primary transmitter of Central nervous system for muscle contractions, involved in learning and memory
35
acetylcholine imbalance
muscular disorders, alzheimers disease
36
acetylcholine substances
nicotine (agonist) botulism toxin (antagonist)
37
GABA normal function
most common inhibitory neurotransmitter reduces excessive brain activity
38
GABA imbalance
anxiety, insomnia, epilepsy
39
GABA substances
barbiturates, tranquilizers (Valium)
40
Glutamate normal function
excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in learning and memory (long term potentiation)
41
Glutamate imbalance
migraines, epilepsy, brain damage after stroke, ALS
42
Glutamate substances
PCP (angel dust)
43
endorphins normal function
controls pain
44
endorphins imbalance
lowered levels resulting from opiate addiction
45
endorphins substances
opiates, opium, heroin, morphine, methadone
46
agonists
chemicals which amplify the neurotransmitter response (heroin)
47
antagonists
chemical that blocks neurotransmitter response (botox)
48
Central nervous system
central = spine and brain
49
spine controls
reflexesb
50
brain
voluntary movements
51
Peripheral nervous system
peripheral = outsider -- delivery service for CNS
52
Somatic nervous system
somatic = soma = body controlled by motor cortex
53
afferent
signal in (sensory)
54
efferent
signal out (motor)
55
autonomic nervous system
autonomic = independence = no consciousness controlled by brain stem automatic keeps body at an equilibrium
56
sympathetic
arousing
57
parasympathetic
calming
58
endocrine system
the body's chemical messenger system
59
pituitary gland
a master gland that produces horomorol la chemical signal in your blood influencig the secretiopns of all other endocrine glands. Produces human growth hormones, and oxytocin (love hormones) attached to (and responds to signals from) hypothalamus
60
pineal gland
releases melatonin which helps regulate sleep
61
adrenal glands
adrenaline (epinephrine) and cortisol (stress hormones)
62
testes and ovaries
testosteron and estrogen
63
thyroid
thyroxin regulates metabolism drastic weight changes
64
pancreas
releases insulin which regulates blood sugar diabetes
65
brain scans
recordings of te brains activity at specific sites
66
EEG
electroencephalograph -- records brain waves using electrodes placed on the scalp
67
brain waves
patterns of electrical activity generated by the brain
68
CT scan (computerized tomography)
basically a cross sectional x-ray best for viewing bone injuries, detecting tumors, and getting quick results in teh ER
69
pros and cons of ct scan
pros: takes only a few minutes, less expesive and cons: cant do too often because of radiation can take an hour to get results and not very detailed
70
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging. 3d image best for looking at soft tissue like ligaments and tendons, brain tumors, and the spinal cord
71
pros and cons of MRI
pros: no radiation, much higher soft tissue detail than CT scan and cons: more expensive takes at least 30 minutes
72
fmri
4d image (time) of glucose metabolism
73
pet scanning
position emission tomography useful to determine how busy tumors are
74
pet scanning pros and cons
pros: measures functions (how it works) not just location 3d and color cons: requires radiation injection, most expensive, takes up to 4 hours
75
which scans show activity/function of teh brain
PET, EEG, fMRI
76
which are in color
PET, fMRI
77
which use radiation
PET, CT
78
which show the brain itself
MRI, PET, fMRI, CT
79
which would be MOST useful for showing soft tissue
MRI
80
which are 3d
MRI, fMRI, CT, PET
81
brain stem and cerebellum
drive vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, digestion
82
limbic system
adds emotions, complex motives, increase memory abilities,
83
cerebrum
enables reasoning, planning, creating, problem solving,
84
thalamus
relays sensorimotor info to the cortex; regulates consciousness -- switchboard
85
pons
bridge to cerebellum, sleeping, many other automatic functions
86
brain stem
regulates central nervous system and autonomic nervous system, pretty much all your automatic survival functions
87
reticular activating system/reticular formation
arousal: sleep/wake
88
medulla oblongata
cardiovascular, breathing, digestion, sneexing, and swalloing
89
hypothalamus
links nervous system to edocrine system via pituitary: regulates temperature, hunger, and arcadian rhythms
90
amygdala
involved in motivation and emotion; particularly fear and aggression
91
hippocampus
involved in establishing long-term memories
92
basal ganglia
conductor: voluntary motor control and procedural learning. current theories suggest the BG execute action selection - that is the decision of which behavior to execute
93
cerebral cortex
the gray matter covering of the cerebrum thinking and perceiving

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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