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AP Psychology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Social Psychology

A

Studies the effects of social context on individual behavior

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2
Q

Social Context

A

The combination of the activities and interactions among people, the setting in which behavior occurs, and social norms governing behavior in that setting.

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3
Q

Situationism

A

The view that environmental conditions influence people’s behavior more than their personal dispositions do

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4
Q

Attribution

A

Assigning causes to behaviors

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5
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Tendency to explain behavior emphasizing internal causes and ignoring external causes
(Situational versus dispositional)

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6
Q

What do we normally do in social situations?

A

We usually adapt our behavior to the demands of the social situation and in ambiguous situations we take our cues from the behavior of others in that setting

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7
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

Attributional pattern in which one takes credit for success but denies responsibility for failure
(Success is dispositional while failure is situational)

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8
Q

Peripheral Route Persuasion

A

Attitude change in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness

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9
Q

Central Route Persuasion

A

Occurs when interested peopel focus on the arguments presented

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10
Q

Foot IN The Door Phenomenon

A

Tendency for those who have agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

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11
Q

Social Role

A

Socially defined patterns of behavior that are expected of persons in a given social position

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12
Q

Script

A

A sequence of events and actions in a particular setting (every social role has diferent scripts)

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13
Q

Door in the face phenomenon

A

Advertiser expects to get rejected but then asks for a smaller request

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14
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

Conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors producing a feeling mental discomfort leading to a change in one of the attitudes beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance. (MUST BE TENSION) IN general it is easier to change beliefs than behavior

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15
Q

Normative Social influence

A

Influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval (asch experiment)

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16
Q

Conformity

A

The asch experiment

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17
Q

Informational Social Influence

A

Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions. That is, expected behaviors (norms) are created by the people around us (social influence)

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18
Q

Group Characteristics That Will Likely Affect Comformity

A

The size of the majority, the presence of a partner who dissented from the majority, the size of the discrepancy between the correct answer and the majority position.

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19
Q

Social Norms

A

A groups expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable behavior. (Social norms influence student’s political views)

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20
Q

What did Milgrams Experiment do?

A

This experiment demonstrated the powerful effects of obedience to authority

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21
Q

Milgrams Experiment: First Step

A

Provide people with an ideology to justify beliefs for actions

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22
Q

Milgrams Experiment: Second Step

A

Make people take a small first step toward a harmful act with a minor, trivial action and then gradually increase those small actions. AKA the foot in the door phenomenon

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23
Q

Milgrams Experiment: Third Step

A

Make those in charge seem like a “just authority”

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24
Q

Milgrams Experiment: Fourth Step

A

Provide people with vague and ever changing rules

25
Milgrams Experiment: Fifth Step
Provide people with social models of compliance
26
Milgrams Experiment: Sixth Step
Allow verbal dissent but only if people continue to comply behaviorally with orders
27
Milgrams Experiment: Seventh Step
Encourage dehumanizing the victim
28
Milgrams Experiment: Eighth Step
Make exiting the situation difficult
29
Social Facilitation
An increase in performance because of being in (or observed by) a group
30
Social Loafing
A decrease in performance because of being in a group
31
Deindividuation
The loss of personal individuality and responsibility because you feel more anonymous
32
Group Polarization
When peopel in a group have similar though not identical views their opinions become more extreme
33
What is the Robbers Cave Experiment
Cooperation replaced conflict when the experimenters contrived situations that fostered mutual interdependence and common superordinate goals for the group
34
Mutual Interdependence
Shared sense that people need each other in order to achieve common goals
35
Groupthink
The desire for harmony in a group results in an irrational decision. Group members agree without evaluating alternative viewpoints, by suppressing dissenting viewpoints and isolating themselves from outside influences.
36
Groupthink may also be caused by the false consensus effect
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which one's opinions, beliefs and habits are typical of those of others.
37
Conditions That Promote Groupthink
Isolation of the group, high group cohesiveness, authoritarian leadership, similarity of social background and ideology, high stress from external threats, lack of norms for making decisions allows for arbitrary decisions.
38
Prejudice
A negative attitude toward people based solely on their membership in a particular group
39
Discrimination
A negative action taken against people as a result of their group membership
40
In-group
The group with which an individual identifies as
41
Out-group
Those outside the group with which an individual does not identify
42
Social distance
The perceived difference between oneself and another person is that
43
Other-Race Effect
Tendency to recognize faces of own race
44
Frustration Aggression Principle
Aggression is the result of blocking person's efforts to attain a goal
45
The Just World Hypothesis
The belief that actions always bring fair consequences noble actions are rewarded and evil actions are punished consequences are the result of a higer universal power that restores moral balance
46
Main reasons We Are Attracted
Physical attractiveness, proximity, similarity, self-disclosure, equity
47
Mere exposure effect
Repeated exposure to a novel stimuli increases liking of them
48
halo effect
the tendency for an impression created in one area to influence opinions in others areas
49
Reward theory expectancy value theory
we like best those who give us maximum rewards at minimum cost
50
Matching hypothesis
prediction that most people will find friends and mates that are about their same level of attractivesness
51
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
52
bystander effect
tendency for a bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present (diffusion of responsibility)
53
social exchange theory
our social behavior is an exchange process the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
54
reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help those who have helped themselves
55
social trap
a situation in which conflicting partiers by each rationally pursuing their self interest become caught in mutually destructive behavior
56
social responsibility norm
an expectations that people will help those needing help
57
mirror image perceptions
mutual views held by conflicting people as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
58
GRIT
Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction -- find mutual interests, announce intent to reduce tensions, initiate small concilatory acts

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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