CHAPTER 3 Flashcards
evidence in crimes of violence is very obvious such that we need not place emphasis on this.
BLOOD AND BLOOD STAINS
The test for the identification of ____ is employed as an important part of the routine investigation in many cases of violent death.
blood
The specimen usually submitted is ________. Very often it is brought to the laboratory in the form of dried red or brown stains on weapons, clothing or other objects.
fresh blood or fluid blood, dried blood and clotted blood
Very often it is brought to the laboratory in the form of dried red or brown stains on weapons, clothing or other objects.
BLOOD AND BLOOD STAINS
-It is the red fluid of the blood vessels.
BLOOD
– This refers to as highly complex mixture of cells, enzymes, proteins and inorganic substances.
BLOOD
is opaque.
BLOOD
-On treatment with either, water or other reagents becomes transparent and assumes lake color.
BLOOD
-It is faintly alkaline.
BLOOD
-Normal pH is 7.35 to 7.45
BLOOD
-Normal pH of blood is?
7.35 to 7.45
burn acid on white blood cells (wbc) and red blood cells (rbc) on cells
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
–viscous substance
BLOOD
–it is always present in crime scene
BLOOD
IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY OF BLOOD
a. AS CIRCUMSTANTIAL OR CORROBORATIVE EVIDENCE AGAINST OR IN FAVOR OF THE PERPETRATOR
b. FOR DISPUTED PARENTAGE
c. DETERMINATION OF THE CAUSE OF DEATH AND THE LENGTH OF TIME THE VICTIM SURVIVED THE ATTACK
d. DETERMINATION OF THE DIRECTION OF ESCAPE OF THE VICTIM OR THE ASSAILANT
e. DETERMINATION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE FLOW OF BLOOD
f. DETERMINATION OF THE APPROXIMATE TIME THE CRIME WAS COMMITTED
Is blood can be use as direct evidence?
YES AS LONG AS IT HAS DNA
carries our own genetic makeup
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
is the most reliable means to determine parental kineme
DNA ANALYSIS
NATURE OF BLOOD
a. LARGEST CIRCULATING TISSUE OF THE BODY
b. CONSISTS OF VITAL SUBSTANCES
c. FLUID THAT CIRCULATES INTO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (CVS)
FUNCTION OF BLOOD
a. TRANSPORT OF GASES (O2 AND CO2), NUTRIENTS AND WASTES
b. BLOOD REGULATES BODY TEMPERATURE
c. BLOOD REGULATES PH OF THE BODY FLUIDS
d. BLOOD CARRIES INJECTED AND OTHERWISE GIVEN MEDICINES TO THE AFFECTED PARTS OF THE BODY
nirerelease wherein it is a waste through perspiration, burp
CO2 OR CARBON DIOXIDE
–the fastest move in drugs is through
INJECTION
is consistent like water
ALKALINE
regenerate our body
O2 or OXYGEN
– aka CAPILLARY BLOOD
ARTERIAL BLOOD
KINDS OF BLOOD
a. ARTERIAL BLOOD
b. VENOUS BLOOD
- bright red in color and which is oxygenated blood.
ARTERIAL BLOOD
are the largest vein
ARTERIES
– dark red in color, contains increased amount of carbon dioxide and which is non-oxygenated blood.
VENOUS BLOOD
is responsible for red color, normal Pilipino has 200cc, 6 glasses means loss of life, 3 glasses will cause anemia.
HEMOGLOBIN
is responsible for red color of blood which contains iron protein called
GLOBIN (protein) and HEMATIN (organic compound of iron).
(protein)
GLOBIN
is responsible for red color of blood which contains iron protein called GLOBIN (protein) and HEMATIN (organic compound of iron).
HEMOGLOBIN
(organic compound of iron).
HEMATIN
– found in Nitrates and Nitrites poisoning which is chocolate brown in color.
METHEMOGLOBIN (Hbm)
_______ of hemoglobin is present for each 100 cc of blood for adult.
14-17 GRAMS
TYPES OF HEMOGLOBIN
- ABNORMAL DERIVATIVES OF HB
- NORMAL DERIVATIVES OF HEMOGLOBIN
WHAT ARE UNDER THE ABNORMAL DERIVATIVES OF HB
a. METHEMOGLOBIN (Hbm)
b. SULFHEMOGLOBIN (HbS)
c. CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (HbCO)
–the burn and unburn component
METHEMOGLOBIN (Hbm)
– found in the presence of bacteria (clostridium perfringens) in severe constipation, enterogenous cyanosis and blood is lavender is color.
SULFHEMOGLOBIN (HbS)
ay bacteria na katulad ng diarrhea
CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS
– excessive inhalation of gas from defective stoves and from automobiles which is cherry red color of blood.
CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (HbCO)
–common cause of accidental death and suicide
CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (HbCO)
CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (HbCO) COLOR IS
cherry red
SULFHEMOGLOBIN (HbS) COLOR IS
LAVANDER
METHEMOGLOBIN (Hbm) COLOR IS
CHOCOLATE BROWN
WHAT ARE UNDER THE NORMAL DERIVATIVES OF HEMOGLOBIN
a. OXYHEMOGLOBIN (HbO2)
b. REDUCED HOMOGLOBIN (HbCO2)
– hemoglobin that is combined with oxygen that gives color to the arterial blood.
OXYHEMOGLOBIN (HbO2)
– hemoglobin that is combined with carbon dioxide that gives color to the venous blood.
REDUCED HOMOGLOBIN (HbCO2)
is lighter than O2
CO2
s not pure liquid, it is 45-50% solid and 55-60% liquid
BLOOD
_____ formed elements or the solid materials consisting chiefly of cells.
45%
– this contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen to various cells in the body.
RED BLOOD CELLS/ ERYTHROCYTES
WHAT ARE THE SOLID MATERIALS OF THE COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
a. RED BLOOD CELLS/ ERYTHROCYTES
b. WHITE BLOOD CELLS/ LEUCOCYTES
c. PLATELETS/THROMBOCYTES
-It is circular, biconcave discs or rounded edges.
RED BLOOD CELLS/ ERYTHROCYTES
–carry nutrients like oxygen, protein and enzymes
RED BLOOD CELLS/ ERYTHROCYTES
this are masses of nucleated protoplasm.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS/ LEUCOCYTES
-It defends the body from invading microorganisms.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS/ LEUCOCYTES
KINDS OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS
- MONOCYTES
- LYMPHOCYTES
- NEUTROPHILS
- BASOPHILS
- EOSINOPHILS
- It also fights infection.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS/ LEUCOCYTES
–soldier of our body
WHITE BLOOD CELLS/ LEUCOCYTES
- They have a longer lifespan than many white blood cells and help to break down bacteria.
MONOCYTES
–for minutes lang ang buhay
MONOCYTES
- They create antibodies to fight against bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful invaders.
LYMPHOCYTES
-They are the most numerous types of white blood cell and your first line of defense when infection strikes.
NEUTROPHILS
- They kill and digest bacteria and fungi.
NEUTROPHILS
-They secrete chemicals such as histamine, a marker of allergic disease, that help control the body’s immune response.
BASOPHILS
- These small cells seem to sound an alarm when infectious agents invade your blood.
BASOPHILS
–it is a warning device
BASOPHILS
- They attack and kill parasites and cancer cells, and help with allergic responses.
EOSINOPHILS
– this are cells that are produced by the bone marrow and are necessary for proper clotting of blood.
PLATELETS/THROMBOCYTES
-It is normally responsible for the retraction of blood clot.
PLATELETS/THROMBOCYTES
– 55- 60% PLASMA is the fluid or portion of blood where the cells are suspended.
Liquid Portion
Liquid portion is composed of:
a. WATER (90%)
b. SOLID (10%)
-It is principally composed of:
a. WATER (90%)
b. SOLID (10%) – largely protein in nature and consist of albumen, several globulins and fibrinogen.
Liquid Portion
WHAT are the colors of blood
RED, ORANGE, WHITE
How many % does blood has in its liquid portion?
55-60%
– largely protein in nature and consist of albumen, several globulins and fibrinogen.
SOLID
What are under the liquid portion of blood?
a. ALBUMEN
b. GLOBULINS
c. PLASMA
d. SERUM
– the most abundant protein in the blood.
ALBUMEN
-It binds with many drugs.
ALBUMEN
– the important role in the immune mechanism of the body.
GLOBULINS
carry drugs as well as sex and thyroid hormones, lipids and iron.
GLOBULINS
– the yellowish fluids of the blood in which numerous blood corpuscles are suspended.
PLASMA
-A Straw – yellow liquid formed when blood to which an oxalate has been added to prevent clotting is allowed to stand.
PLASMA
– A straw – yellowish liquid formed when clotted blood is allowed to stand for sometimes and the blood contracts.
SERUM
METHODS OF COLLECTING BLOOD
A. CAPILLARY BLOOD SAMPLE
B. VENOUS BLOOD SAMPLE
c. ARTERIAL BLOOD SAMPLE (VENIPUNCTURE METHOD)
– Skin/Finger/Ring Puncture, arterial blood and small quantity of blood.
CAPILLARY BLOOD SAMPLE
CAPILLARY BLOOD SAMPLE puncture sites are;
- Ring finger (Adult and Children)
- Ear lobes (Adults)
- Heal or Toe (Infants and Children)
– use of lancet or pricker
Heal or Toe (Infants and Children)
– Larger volumes of blood and blood taken from the vein
VENOUS BLOOD SAMPLE
VENOUS BLOOD SAMPLE sites are
- Cephalic Vein
- Medial Cephalic Vein
- Basilic Vein
- Jugular Vein
