CHAP 5 Flashcards
-is one of the oldest forms of physical evidence.
HAIR
-Its use is older than fingerprints.
HAIR
-Like fiber it is mostly likely to be involved in contact between the victim and the suspect.
HAIR
-It is valuable because _______ of each kind of animal is different and distinct for all others.
HAIR
-Most crimes cause contact between one person and another and there may be transfer of __________ from the victim to the criminal and vice – versa.
fibers and hairs
The successful investigation of crimes of violence such as rape, murder, assault, kidnapping, hit and run, etc. are frequently materially assisted by the result of the examination of the _____
hairs and fibers.
are very resistant to decomposition and putrefaction thus they often remain as a means of identification long after others such as facial and fingerprints have been destroyed.
HAIR
become the first person to do an in-depth study of hair.
RUDOLPH VIRCHOW
The use of ______ as means of positive identification is more uncertain and indeed no expert in his right mind/senses will venture to give a definite statement as to individual origin of _____
hair
When was the First used as physical evidence.
1847
What yr did Rudolph Virchow study the hair?
1897
When did HUGO MARX wrote a paper on the use of hair in forensic investigation to determine identity.
1906
wrote a paper on the use of hair in forensic investigation to determine identity.
HUGO MARX
______________ works on new ways to improve the use of hair in forensic investigations.
DR. PAUL KIRK
What year DR. PAUL KIRK works on new ways to improve the use of hair in forensic investigations.
1931
Complete search at the crime scene must be done. Use ____
vacuum cleaner.
____________ at the crime scene must be done. Use vacuum cleaner.
Complete search
All of the hair in the questioned specimens should be submitted but _____ hairs at different places.
do not mix
Search for and collection of hair evidence should ________. _________ is easily transferred to and from the crime scene.
begin as soon as possible
Hair evidence
is easily transferred to and from the crime scene.
Hair evidence
– collect hairs and fibers in mass from carpet, bedding, etc.
Special filtered vacuum cleaner
Collection should be done by:
a. Hand if the location of the hair is important
b. Lint rollers
c. Special filtered vacuum cleaner
If the evidence is stick to another object, the entire object should be _______
packaged and labeled
_________ of hair from the victim as well as the suspect should be obtained if possible.
Representative samples
If lint rollers are used, the entire surface used should be packed into a _______
polyethylene storage bag
In _______ cases, obtain the clothing of the victim from the hospital or morgue to avoid the loss of evidence by careless handling and to prevent the clothing from being destroyed.
vicious assault and murder
To be a representative head hair samples from a particular individual it should consist of __________ hairs from different areas of the scalp and preferably full – length hair.
at least a dozen
Take from all pertinent regions of the body:
a. 50 head hairs
b. 24 pubic hairs (Corpuz, 2015)
Root ____ is preferable
still intact
______ known samples of hair from different parts of the body.
Don’t mix
_________ should be looked for in the following: clothing, combs, weapons, pockets, fingers, hat and etc.
Hair evidence
Get samples from both _____ (Dead body: Head hair and pubic hair). It should be taken before it is buried
victim and suspect
Get samples from both victim and suspect (Dead body: ___________). It should be taken before it is buried.
Head hair and pubic hair
Best way to collect hair is by
combing.
Hair evidence should be packaged into?
paper packets.
The hairs should be placed in a folded paper or in a white mailing envelope, but the corners of the envelope should be sealed with _______
scotch tape.
The hairs should be placed in a ___________, but the corners of the envelope should be sealed with scotch tape.
folded paper or in a white mailing envelope
Do not secure the hair samples to a ____ because this will damage the hair.
piece of paper with scotch
All ______ should be removed from the submitted specimen.
foreign fibrous debris
_________ hairs are not suitable for examination.
Fragmentary hairs or underdeveloped
Areas on an object containing hairs should be protected with __________ over the area before wrapping the object from transmittal to laboratory.
cellophane or paper taped
Methods of packing hair:
Pill box or test tube.
Questioned specimens ______ powder papers.
druggist
Properly folded, sealed and labeled.
PRESERVATION OF SPECIMEN
____ containing all the papers with hair and fibers
Big envelope
– This refers to a specialized ephitilial outgrowth of the skin which occur everywhere on the human body except on the palm of the hands and the sole of the feet.
HAIR
-It is an appendage of the skin.
HAIR
___ is not completely round but may be oval or flattened.
HAIR
-Its width is not always the same along its length.
HAIR
-It starts out pointed and narrow and then strays or less the same.
HAIR
-Hair is not completely round but may be
oval or flattened.
– This refers generally to long and stiff hair.
REAL HAIR
TWO KINDS OF HAIR
- REAL HAIR
- FUZZ HAIR
– This refers generally to short, fine at times curly and wooly hair
FUZZ HAIR
PARTS OF THE HAIR
- Root
- Shaft
- Tip
– This refers to portion of embedded in the skin.
Root
– This refers to portion above the surface of the skin.
Shaft
- It is the most distinctive part of the hair.
Shaft
– This refers to distal end of an uncut hair shaft.
Tip
HAIR is what kind of evidence?
corroborative or circumstantial evidence
-It is refers sometimes to point.
Tip
PARTS OF THE SHAFT
- CUTICLE
- CORTEX
- MEDULLA OR CORE OR MEDULARY INDEX
– This refers to the outermost covering of the hair.
CUTICLE
-It is consists of one layer of non – nucleated polygonal cells which overlaps like the scales on fish.
CUTICLE
– This refers to the intermediate and the thickest layer of the shaft and is compose of elongated, spindle shaped fibrils which cohere.
CORTEX
-They contain pigment granules in varying proportion depending on the type of the hair.
CORTEX
– This refers to the central canal of the hair that may be empty or may contain various sorts of cells more or less pigmented and begins more or less near the root.
MEDULLA OR CORE OR MEDULARY INDEX
Certain hair has medulla. Therefore hair can be classified into two categories namely:
- HAIR WITHOUT MEDULLA
- HAIR WITH MEDULLA
one straight black line
CONTINUOUS
more medulla than empty space
INTERRUPTED
more empty space than medulla
FRAGMENTED
black, no color visible
SOLID
no line; color visible
NONE/ABSENT
MEDULLA can be I-C-F-S-N/A
interrupted, continuous, fragmented, solid or none/absent.
-Before performing the examination take note of any foreign material on the hair and should be identified if present in sufficient quantity.
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF HUMAN HAIR
-HAIR should be cleaned with a mixture of equal parts of ______
alcohol and ether.
– This can be examine using the naked eye or under the microscope.
COLOR
– This refers to the brownish – black pigment in the hair, skin, etc.
MELANIN
-It is the chemical responsible for the color of the hair.
MELANIN
____________ differs only on the amount of melanin.
Black and brown haiR
_____ is thought to be due to iron.
Red hair
– _______ may show whether a hair has been cut.
Tip of the hair
_________ become rounded from rubbing against the cloths.
Tips of body hair
-Hair of human usually shows a
fine tip
do not five much information as to the origin of the hair.
root
is a direct evidence provided that it has DNA
HAIR
Men’s hair tip is apt to be
cutoff square.
Very often the _____ is missing on hair found on cloth at the scene of the crime, on weapon, etc.
root
The examination of the ___ will only give clue as to whether the hairs have been pulled away by force or have fallen out spontaneously
root
– in this case they have not fallen out themselves but have been pulled away by force.
All hairs have roots
– The size, the general shape and the irregularity of the scales are observed.
CUTICLE
– in this case they have most certainly fallen out themselves.
All hairs have dry roots
– Structural features is studied under the microscope.
Cortex
is embedded with the pigment granules that impart hair with color.
Cortex
-It is the color, shape and distribution of these granules that provides the criminalist with important points of comparison between the hairs of the different individuals.
Cortex
_____ can be distinguished from natural hair.
Dyed hair
-Under the microscope, ____ has a dull appearance and the color tone is constant, whereas natural is not and the individual pigment granules stand shapelier.
dyed hair
-If there has been subsequent growth of the hair since dyeing, the _______ will stand out markedly.
undyed root end portion
have a rough appearance, are more uniform in shade and contain less pigment depending on the amount of bleaching.
Bleached hairs
are the most characteristic portion of the hair.
medulla and cortex
have been developed for the detection of bleached hair.
Dye absorption and chemical tests
– This refers to the innermost layer of your hair.
MEDULLA
-It consists of a soft, thin core of transparent cells and air spaces (Kingsley, 2016).
MEDULLA
yield the most reliable criteria in the diagnosis of hair.
cortex and medulla
central canal of the hair can be continuous or interrupted.
Medulla
-It is continuous in large number of animals, very often interrupted in human, monkey and horses.
MEDULLA
Medulla’s diameter can be _________. At times alternately ________
absolutely constant
narrow and broader.
– This refers to the relationship between the diameter of the medulla and the diameter of the whole hair usually expressed in fraction.
MEDULLARY INDEX (M.I.)
-Its determination is performed under a microscope provided with micrometer eyepiece.
MEDULLARY INDEX (M.I.)
(less than 0.5) belongs to human and certain monkey hair.
Hair with narrow medulla
(approximately 0.5) belongs to hair of cow, horse and others.
Hair with medulla
(greater than 0.5) almost all animals belong to this.
Hair with thick medulla
Based on the ________ it can be determined whether hair is human or animal origin.
medulla examination
is usually narrower in width in human hair when present. It has finer and more numerous cross striations.
medulla
usually consist of both heavy guard hair and finer fur hair whereas human hair does not.
Animal hairs
Medullary index is less than 0.5
Human HAIR
Medulla may not be present
Human HAIR
Scale pattern is fine and each one overlaps the other more than 4/5
Human HAIR
Medullary index is more than 0.5
ANIMAL HAIR
Scale is coarse and overlaps less than ½
ANIMAL HAIR
Medulla always present
ANIMAL HAIR
Pigment granules are course
ANIMAL HAIR
Pigment granulEs are fine
HUMAN HAIR
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAIR BY RACE
A. NEGROID RACE HAIR:
B. MONGOLOID RACE HAIR:
C. CAUCASIAN RACE HAIR:
Contain heavy pigment distributed unevenly
NEGROID RACE HAIR:
A thin cross section
NEGROID RACE HAIR:
Hair is usually kinky with marked variation in the diameter along the shaft
NEGROID RACE HAIR:
Hair contains dense pigment distributed more evenly than Negroid race hair.
MONGOLOID RACE HAIR:
Cross section of the hair will be round to oval in shape.
MONGOLOID RACE HAIR:
Hair is coarse and straight with very little variation in diameter along the shaft of the hair.
MONGOLOID RACE HAIR:
Usually contains a heavy black medulla or core.
MONGOLOID RACE HAIR:
Hair contains very fine to coarse pigment and more evenly distributed than is found in Negro or Mongolian.
CAUCASIAN RACE HAIR:
Cross section will be oval to round in shape
CAUCASIAN RACE HAIR:
Usually straight or wavy and not kinky
CAUCASIAN RACE HAIR:
WHAT ARE THE COLORS OF THE HAIR
BROWN, RED, WHITE
cannot be definitely determined from a hair examination.
Sex
–come from EUROPEAN ANCESTRIES
CAUCASIAN RACE HAIR:
_____ hair is generally larger in diameter, shorter in length, wirier in texture than that of a female.
Male
Male-Male hair average approximately ___
1/350 of an inch in diameter.
Female hair averages approximately __
1/450 of an inch in diameter.
-If a hair is as much as ____ in length and has a split end, these are good indications that the hair is from a female, though not a positive proof.
six inches
– They are more mature than any other kind of human hair.
SCALP HAIR
-__________ the hair will cause the tip ends to split. Most males have their haircut often enough to prevent having head hair with split tip ends.
Pinning, curling, brushing and combing
– Coarse, curve, very stiff and often triangular in cross section.
BEARD HAIR
Usually triangular in shape and very stiff.
MUSTACHE
– short stubby and have wide medulla.
HAIRS FROM EYEBROWS, EYELID, NOSE AND EAR
– Vary in thickness along the shaft and are immature but are somewhat similar to head hairs.
TRUNK HAIR
are usually very short and has a sharp tip.
Eyebrow and eyelashes
-They have fine, long tip ends.
TRUNK HAIR
– Similar trunk hairs but usually are not so long or so coarse and usually contain less pigment.
LIMB HAIR
– Fairly long with unevenly distributed pigment.
AXILLARY HAIR
-They vary considerably in diameter along the shaft and have frequently a bleached appearance.
AXILLARY HAIR
-It has an irregular shape and structure.
-Looks like pubic hair but the ends are sharper and the hair is not so curly.
AXILLARY HAIR
– Similar to axillary hairs but are coarser and do not appear bleached.
PUBIC HAIR
-Wirier, have more constriction and twists and usually have continuous broad medulla.
PUBIC HAIR
-Have many broken ends because the clothing rubs off against it.
PUBIC HAIR
-The approximate age of an individual cannot be determined from hair examination with any degree of certainty except in
infant hairs.
are fine, short in length, have the fine pigment and are rudimentary in character.
INFANT HAIRS
__________ through adolescence is generally finer and more immature than adult hair but cannot be definitely differentiated with certainty.
Children’s hair
-If it is noted that pigment is missing or starting to disappear in the hair, it can be stated that the hair is from
adult.
-It is common for a relatively young person to have prematurely ________ but not body hairs.
gray or white head hair
-The root end of hair from an aged person may show a
distinctive degeneration.
-Link the suspect to a crime scene. Control hairs match that of the suspect.
COMPARISON MICROSCOPE
-Exclude the suspect from a crime scene, meaning that a control hair does not match the evidential hair.
COMPARISON MICROSCOPE
-Determine the species, race, and somatic origin of a hair. In addition:
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)
– to test and determine whether a drug was used.
DRUG TEST
A _______ that is ingested enters the blood stream and is broken down to a specific metabolite.
drug
________ normally grow at an average rate of 1.3 centimeters every month; they absorb metabolized drugs that are fed to the hair follicle through the blood stream.
Hair strands
Hair strands normally grow at an average rate of _________ every month; they absorb metabolized drugs that are fed to the hair follicle through the blood stream.
1.3 centimeters
Drug will only disappear if exposure to the drug is ____, and the hair containing the drug is cut.
ceased
_______ can be used for the detection of many therapeutic drugs and recreational drugs, including cocaine, heroin, benzodiazepines (Valium – type drugs) and amphetamines.
Hair analysis
Two Assays Used in Forensic:
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY (RIA) AND ENZYME – LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA)
– it can be extracted from the root or follicular tag of on anagenic hair.
DNA ANALYSIS
comes from both parents that lead to individualization.
Nuclear DNA (nDNA)
passed only from mother to offspring.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
– Microscopic appearance is affected by natural biological fluctuations and environmental influences.
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS
-Pubic hairs are less influenced.
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS
-Several years may not severely impact on meaningful pubic hair comparisons.
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS
-In general and broad sense, the word “TEXTILE” is derived from the Latin word ______ and the French _______ means _____
“TEXTILLIS”
“TEXTERE”
to weave”
means that can be converted into yarn.
FIBER
-A yarn consists of fibers or filaments that have been twisted together.
TEXTILE FIBERS
– It is a preliminary macroscopic examination.
BURNING OR IGNITION TEST
-A test that determines whether fiber is mineral, animal or vegatble fiber.
BURNING OR IGNITION TEST
single fiber is applied with flame at one end
BURNING OR IGNITION TEST
– fibers smolders or burn slowly and give odor like that of burning feather.
animals’ fibers
-When removed from the flame they do not continue to burn readily and a charred bead remains at the end of the fiber.
animals’ fibers
-Fumes turn red litmus blue.
animals’ fibers
– odor strong, disagreeable; fumes turn lead acetate paper black or brown.
Wool
– odor not so pungent, fumes have no effect on lead acetate paper.
Silk
– fibers burn rapidly with a flame and give off but little smoke or fumes.
vegetable fibers
-Charred bead not present when fiber is removed from the flame.
vegetable fibers
-Fumes turn blue litmus red.
vegetable fibers
– Frequently used to determine the general group to which a fiber belongs.
FLUORESCENT TEST
-It is not reliable for positive identification of fibers.
FLUORESCENT TEST
-In general, the vegetables fibers exhibit a _______ in ultra – violet light, whereas the animal fibers show _______
yellow fluorescence
bluish fluorescence.
-The fluorescence of some common fibers is given in the following table as obtained by _____ and given by
Noptisch
Mr. O’neil
– In general, it is the most reliable and best means identifying fiber.
Microscopic Examination
-The fiber is placed on a glass slide, teased and covered.
Microscopic Examination
– Unicellular filament, flat, ribbon – like, twisted spirally to right or left on its axis, central canal or lumen broad uniform in diameter; cell wall thick, covered by a thin, structureless, waxy cuticle.
COTTON
- Fiber tapers gradually to a blunt or rounded point at one end.
COTTON
– Straight, cylindrical, with occasional twists; evenly lustrous, smooth except for occasional transverse folds or wrinkles. Cuticle mostly lacking, lumen irregular in width.
MERCERIZED COTTON
– Multicellular filament, straight and cylindrical, not twisted and flattened, tapering to a sharp point.
LINEN
-Filament marked by transverse lines at intervals causing fiber to appear jointed, resembling bamboo.
LINEN
-Cell wall thick, the lumen appearing as a narrow dark line in the center of the fiber.
LINEN
-Cross lines frequently interest appearing like the letter x.
LINEN
– Smooth, cylindrical, lustrous threads, usually single but often double, the twin – filaments held together by an envelope of gum.
CULTIVATED SILK
-More or less transparent, without definite structure.
CULTIVATED SILK
– Similar to cultivated silk but broader and less regular in outline.
WILD SILK
-Marked by very fine longitudinal striations with infrequent diagonal cross – markings.
WILD SILK
– Cylindrical, lustrous, appearing like a glass rod.
ARTIFICIAL SILK
-Microchemical reactions, dissolved rapidly by half saturated chromic acid; not colored by Millon’s reagent as in case of true silk.
ARTIFICIAL SILK
– Easily distinguished by presence of flattened, over lapping epidermal scales not found on silk or any of the vegetable fibers.
WOOL
-Fiber many – celled, cylindrical; shaft composed of three layers; central core or medulla (seldom seen), cortex and scaly cuticle.
WOOL
– If the sample submitted for analysis is fairly large, such as a piece of cloth or a number or large threads, it is suggested that a _________ be made to supplement the microscopic examination and confirm the results obtained form that procedure.
chemical analysis
– If the fiber is white or light colored it is treated with the following chemicals.
DISSOLUTION TEST
– The fiber is stained with picric acid, Millon’s reagent, stannic chloride or iodine solution.
STAINING TEST
