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Modern Biology > CHAPTER 3 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

deals with the conduct of biological processes
on an industrial scale.

A

biochemical engineering

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2
Q

deals with the processes where the catalyst are
either living cells or extracts from them.

A

biochemical engineering

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3
Q

engineering that involves with the biosynthesis
of animal or plant products

A

bioengineering

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4
Q

application of engineering knowledge to the
field of medicine and biology

A

bioengineering

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5
Q

BioengineeringBenefits

A

Human Healthcare
Animal Health Care
Industrial chemicals
agricultural chemicals
foods and beverages

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6
Q

Classification of organisms

A

eukaryote
prokaryote

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7
Q

Classification of organisms according to carbon source

A

autotrophs
heterotrophs

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8
Q

uses c02 as their source of carbon

A

autotrophs

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9
Q

uses performed organic compounds (glucose/ethanol) ad their source of carbon

A

heterotrophs

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10
Q

Classification of organisms according to energy source

A

chemotrophs
phototrophs

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11
Q

obtain energy by breaking down
substrate.

A

chemotrophs

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12
Q

Breakdown of organic compounds

A

Chemoorganotrophs

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13
Q

Breadown of inorganic compounds

A

Chemolitotrophs

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14
Q

obtain energy from light.

A

phototrophs

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15
Q

Use light for energy.
Uses organic compounds as carbon source

A

Photoorganotrophs

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16
Q

Use light for energy.
Uses inorganic compounds (carbon dioxide) as carbon source

A

Photoautotrophs

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17
Q

organisms uses molecular oxygen

A

aerobes

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18
Q

classification of organisms according to final electron acceptor

A

aerobes
anaerobes
facultative anaerobes
microaerophiles

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19
Q

do not need oxygen but instead uses nitrates, sulfides, and cabon dioxide

A

anaerobes

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20
Q

able to grow in the presence or absence of molecular oxygen

A

facultative anaerobes

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21
Q

microorg na need lang ng little amount of oxygen

A

microaerophiles

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22
Q

LIPIDScomes from the Greek word, _____, which
means fat

A

lipos

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23
Q

water insoluble biomolecules highly
soluble in organic solvents such as
chloroform and ether.

A

lipids

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24
Q

used as fuel molecules, energy storage
and component of membranes.

A

lipids

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25
Q

stored as triacylglycerols or glycerides and used for
energy storage

A

fatty acids

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26
Q

found in the cytoplasm of adipose cells

A

fatty acids

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27
Q
  1. Occurrence
  • most fatty acids have _________chains and contains
    ______number of carbon atoms.
  • first double bond occurs between __ and __
  • remaining double bonds begin at __ and __and
    therefore not conjugated.
A

unbranched
even
C9 and C10
C12 and C15

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28
Q

formulato get fatty acid

A

CnH2nO2

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29
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

Lauric Acid

Myristic Acid

Palmitic Acid

Stearic Acid

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30
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Palmitoleic Acid

Oleic Acid

Linoleic Acid

Linolenic Acid

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31
Q
  • important constituents of essential oils
  • produced by a variety of plants particularly
    conifers
A

Terpenes and Terpenoids

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32
Q

derived from isoprene

A

Terpenes and Terpenoids

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33
Q

terpenes that contain 10 carbon atoms

A

monoterpenes

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34
Q

terpenes that contain 15 carbon atoms

A

sesquiterpenes

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35
Q

important biological regulators that
shows dramatic physiological effects when
administered to living organisms

A

steroids

36
Q

STEROIDS - derivatives
________________________________ring
system.

A

perhydrocyclopentanophenantherene

37
Q

First isolated in 1770

A

cholesterol

38
Q

They outlined the
structure of Cholesterol

A

Windaus and Wieland

39
Q

low density cholesterol

A

bad cholestero

39
Q

waxy substance found in blood

A

cholesterol

40
Q

high density cholesterol

A

good cholesterol

41
Q

classified into three major groups

A

sex hormones

42
Q

the first sex hormone isolated was an _________by
Butenandt and Doisy from the urine of a pregnant women.

A

estrogen

43
Q

the true female hormone, ___________was isolated by
Doisy

A

estradiol

44
Q

Butenandt and Tscherning isolated ___________from 15
000 liter of male urine.

A

adrosterone

45
Q

Laquer isolated the true male hormone, _____________
from bull testes.

A

testosterone

46
Q

is the most important pregnancy hormone
secreted by the placenta.

A

progesterone

47
Q

isolated from the adrenal cortex and are apparently
involved in carbohydrate, proteins and lipid metabolism,
water and electrolyte balance and reactions to allergic
and inflammatory phenomena

A

ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES

48
Q

C20 carboxylic acids that contains a five membered
ring, at least a double bond and several oxygen
containing functional groups

  • first isolated from seminal fluid
A

prostaglandin

49
Q

building blocks of protein

A

amino acids

50
Q

only ____ of 22 amino acids are found in majority of
organisms

A

20

51
Q

Basic amino acids

A

Arginine
Histidine
Lysine

52
Q

Acidic amino acids

A

Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid

53
Q

carbohydrates general formula

A

CnH2nOn

54
Q

the main source of energy for the body.

  • mainly found in plant foods.
A

carbohydrates

55
Q

two types of carbohydrates

A

(1) Monosaccharides,(2) Disaccharides

56
Q

Classified as triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose or
heptose on the basis of whether they contain three, four,
five, six or seven carbon atoms.

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

57
Q

simplest carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

58
Q

In monosaccharides, if OH is on the left side

A

L-glucose

59
Q

In monosaccharides, if OH is on the right side

A

D-glucose

60
Q

different disaccharide

A

sucrose
maltose
cellobiose
lactose

61
Q

disaccharides that is found in all photosynthetic plants.

A

sucrose

62
Q

disaccharides that is found in fruits and vegetables

A

sucrose

63
Q
  • acid catalyzed hydrolysis yields 1 mole of D-Glucose and
    1 mole D-Fructose
A

sucrose

64
Q
  • obtained from the hydrolysis of starch using diastase
A

maltose

65
Q

maltose yields
___ moles of D-Glucose

A

2

66
Q

disaccharides that can be used in fermentation of beer

A

maltose

67
Q

obtained from partial hydrolysis of
cellulose.

A

cellobiose

68
Q

cellobiose yields
___ moles of D-Glucose

A

2

69
Q

found in milk of mammals

A

lactose

70
Q

acid catalyzed hydrolysis yields D-Glucose and
D-Galactose

A

lactose

71
Q

tell whether reducing or non reducing
sucrose
maltose
cellobiose
lactose

A

non
reducing
reducing
reducing

72
Q

are long-chain polymeric molecules, the monomer (the
repeating unit) is known as the nucleotides and hence
sometimes nucleic acids are referred to as
polynucleotides.

A

nucleic acids

73
Q

sometimes nucleic acids are referred to as
_____________.

A

polynucleotides

74
Q

two major types of nucleic acids.

A

DNA and RNA

75
Q

responsible for the inheritance and transmission of
specific characteristics from one generation to the
other.

A

DNA andRNA

76
Q

is composed of a pentose sugar,
phosphoric acid and some cyclic bases containing
nitrogen. It has β-D-deoxyribose as dugar moiety

A

DNA

77
Q

In DNA, The cyclic bases
that have nitrogen in them are
__________________(4)

A

adenine (A),
guanine (G), cytosine(C) and thymine (T).

78
Q

has a double-strand helical structure in
which the strands are complementary to each
other.

A

DNA

79
Q

is also composed of phosphoric
acid, a pentose sugar and some cyclic bases
containing nitrogen. It has β-D-ribose in it as
the sugar moiety.

A

RNA

80
Q

The heterocyclic bases present
in RNA are _______(4)

A

adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine(C)
and uracil (U).

81
Q

generally consists of a single strand
which sometimes folds back; that results in a
double helix structure.

A

RNA

82
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

83
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

84
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA

85
Q

rna that is used to tranfer amino acids to the correct mrna codon

A

tRNA

Modern Biology (6 decks)

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