CHAPTER 3 Flashcards by John Junex Guitguitin

deals with the conduct of biological processes
on an industrial scale.

biochemical engineering

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deals with the processes where the catalyst are
either living cells or extracts from them.

biochemical engineering

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engineering that involves with the biosynthesis
of animal or plant products

bioengineering

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application of engineering knowledge to the
field of medicine and biology

bioengineering

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BioengineeringBenefits

Human Healthcare
Animal Health Care
Industrial chemicals
agricultural chemicals
foods and beverages

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Classification of organisms

eukaryote
prokaryote

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Classification of organisms according to carbon source

autotrophs
heterotrophs

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uses c02 as their source of carbon

autotrophs

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uses performed organic compounds (glucose/ethanol) ad their source of carbon

heterotrophs

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Classification of organisms according to energy source

chemotrophs
phototrophs

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obtain energy by breaking down
substrate.

chemotrophs

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Breakdown of organic compounds

Chemoorganotrophs

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Breadown of inorganic compounds

Chemolitotrophs

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obtain energy from light.

phototrophs

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Use light for energy.
Uses organic compounds as carbon source

Photoorganotrophs

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Use light for energy.
Uses inorganic compounds (carbon dioxide) as carbon source

Photoautotrophs

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organisms uses molecular oxygen

aerobes

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classification of organisms according to final electron acceptor

aerobes
anaerobes
facultative anaerobes
microaerophiles

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do not need oxygen but instead uses nitrates, sulfides, and cabon dioxide

anaerobes

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able to grow in the presence or absence of molecular oxygen

facultative anaerobes

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microorg na need lang ng little amount of oxygen

microaerophiles

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LIPIDScomes from the Greek word, _____, which
means fat

lipos

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water insoluble biomolecules highly
soluble in organic solvents such as
chloroform and ether.

lipids

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used as fuel molecules, energy storage
and component of membranes.

lipids

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stored as triacylglycerols or glycerides and used for energy storage

fatty acids

found in the cytoplasm of adipose cells

fatty acids

1. Occurrence - most fatty acids have _________chains and contains ______number of carbon atoms. - first double bond occurs between __ and __ - remaining double bonds begin at __ and __and therefore not conjugated.

unbranched even C9 and C10 C12 and C15

formulato get fatty acid

CnH2nO2

Saturated fatty acids

Lauric Acid Myristic Acid Palmitic Acid Stearic Acid

Unsaturated fatty acids

Palmitoleic Acid Oleic Acid Linoleic Acid Linolenic Acid

- important constituents of essential oils - produced by a variety of plants particularly conifers

Terpenes and Terpenoids

derived from isoprene

Terpenes and Terpenoids

terpenes that contain 10 carbon atoms

monoterpenes

terpenes that contain 15 carbon atoms

sesquiterpenes

important biological regulators that shows dramatic physiological effects when administered to living organisms

steroids

STEROIDS - derivatives ________________________________ring system.

perhydrocyclopentanophenantherene

First isolated in 1770

cholesterol

They outlined the structure of Cholesterol

Windaus and Wieland

low density cholesterol

bad cholestero

waxy substance found in blood

cholesterol

high density cholesterol

good cholesterol

classified into three major groups

sex hormones

the first sex hormone isolated was an _________by Butenandt and Doisy from the urine of a pregnant women.

estrogen

the true female hormone, ___________was isolated by Doisy

estradiol

Butenandt and Tscherning isolated ___________from 15 000 liter of male urine.

adrosterone

Laquer isolated the true male hormone, _____________ from bull testes.

testosterone

is the most important pregnancy hormone secreted by the placenta.

progesterone

isolated from the adrenal cortex and are apparently involved in carbohydrate, proteins and lipid metabolism, water and electrolyte balance and reactions to allergic and inflammatory phenomena

ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES

C20 carboxylic acids that contains a five membered ring, at least a double bond and several oxygen containing functional groups - first isolated from seminal fluid

prostaglandin

building blocks of protein

amino acids

only ____ of 22 amino acids are found in majority of organisms

Basic amino acids

Arginine Histidine Lysine

Acidic amino acids

Aspartic acid Glutamic acid

carbohydrates general formula

CnH2nOn

the main source of energy for the body. - mainly found in plant foods.

carbohydrates

two types of carbohydrates

(1) Monosaccharides,(2) Disaccharides

Classified as triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose or heptose on the basis of whether they contain three, four, five, six or seven carbon atoms.

MONOSACCHARIDES

simplest carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates

monosaccharides

In monosaccharides, if OH is on the left side

L-glucose

In monosaccharides, if OH is on the right side

D-glucose

different disaccharide

sucrose maltose cellobiose lactose

disaccharides that is found in all photosynthetic plants.

sucrose

disaccharides that is found in fruits and vegetables

sucrose

- acid catalyzed hydrolysis yields 1 mole of D-Glucose and 1 mole D-Fructose

sucrose

- obtained from the hydrolysis of starch using diastase

maltose

maltose yields ___ moles of D-Glucose

disaccharides that can be used in fermentation of beer

maltose

obtained from partial hydrolysis of cellulose.

cellobiose

cellobiose yields ___ moles of D-Glucose

found in milk of mammals

lactose

acid catalyzed hydrolysis yields D-Glucose and D-Galactose

lactose

tell whether reducing or non reducing sucrose maltose cellobiose lactose

non reducing reducing reducing

are long-chain polymeric molecules, the monomer (the repeating unit) is known as the nucleotides and hence sometimes nucleic acids are referred to as polynucleotides.

nucleic acids

sometimes nucleic acids are referred to as _____________.

polynucleotides

two major types of nucleic acids.

DNA and RNA

responsible for the inheritance and transmission of specific characteristics from one generation to the other.

DNA andRNA

is composed of a pentose sugar, phosphoric acid and some cyclic bases containing nitrogen. It has β-D-deoxyribose as dugar moiety

DNA

In DNA, The cyclic bases that have nitrogen in them are __________________(4)

adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine(C) and thymine (T).

has a double-strand helical structure in which the strands are complementary to each other.

DNA

is also composed of phosphoric acid, a pentose sugar and some cyclic bases containing nitrogen. It has β-D-ribose in it as the sugar moiety.

RNA

The heterocyclic bases present in RNA are _______(4)

adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine(C) and uracil (U).

generally consists of a single strand which sometimes folds back; that results in a double helix structure.

RNA

mRNA

messenger RNA

rRNA

ribosomal RNA

tRNA

transfer RNA

rna that is used to tranfer amino acids to the correct mrna codon

tRNA