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Modern Biology > Chapter 2.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

are small single-celled organisms and are found almost everywhere on Earth and are
vital to the planets of ecosystem.

A

Bacteria

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2
Q

Three basic shapes of bacteria

A

Spherical
Rod-shaped
Spiral

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3
Q

Bacteria shaped like a ball are called cocci, and a single bacterium
is a coccus.

A

Spherical

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4
Q

*Examples include the streptococcus group, responsible for “strep
throat.”

A

spherical

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5
Q

These are known as bacilli (singular bacillus).

A

Rod-shaped

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6
Q

Some rod-shaped
bacteria are curved. These are known as

A

vibrio

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7
Q

*Examples of include Bacillus anthracis (B.
anthracis), or anthrax.

A

rod-shaped

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8
Q

These are known as spirilla (singular spirillus).

A

spiral

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9
Q

If the coil of the spiral bacteria is very tight they are known as

A

spirochetes

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10
Q

*Leptospirosis is, Lyme disease, and syphilis are caused
by bacteria of this shape.

A

spiral

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11
Q

a bacterial infection that can make your throat feel
sore and scratchy.
most common in children, but it affects people of all
ages

A

strep throat

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12
Q

If untreated, it can cause complications, such as
kidney inflammation or rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever
can lead to painful and inflamed joints, a specific
type of rash, or heart valve damage.

A

strep throat

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13
Q

Strep throat is caused by infection with a
bacterium known a
_______________, also
called __________________

A

Streptococcus pyogenes
group A streptococcus.

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14
Q

To prevent strep infection:

A

Wash your hands

Cover your mouth

Don’t share personal items

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15
Q

a serious bacterial infection
that usually affects the mucous
membranes of your nose and
throat.

A

diphtheria

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16
Q

can be treated with
medications, but in advanced
stages, it can damage
your heart, kidneys and nervous
system. Even with treatment,
it can be deadly,
especially in children.

A

diphtheria

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17
Q

____________ signs and symptoms usually begin 2 to 5
days after a person becomes infected.

A

diphtheria

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18
Q

Signs and
symptoms may include:

A thick, gray membrane covering the throat and
tonsils

A sore throat and hoarseness

Swollen glands (enlarged lymph nodes) in the
neck

Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing

Nasal discharge

Fever and chills

Tiredness

A

diphtheria

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19
Q

diptheria is caused by the bacterium ___________________.
The bacterium usually multiplies on or near the
surface of the throat.

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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20
Q

Prevention

Today, the disease is not only treatable but
also preventable with a vaccine.

The vaccine is effective at preventing
diphtheria, but there may be some side
effects. Some children may experience a mild
fever, fussiness, drowsiness or tenderness at
the injection site after a shot.

A

diphtheria

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21
Q

a highly contagious
respiratory tract
infection. In many people,
it’s marked by a severe
hacking cough followed by a
high-pitched intake of
breath that sounds like
“whoop.”

A

pertussis

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22
Q

it takes
about seven to 10 days for signs and symptoms to appear,
though it can sometimes take longer.

A

pertussis

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23
Q

pertussis is caused caused by a type of bacteria called

A

Bordetella pertussis

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24
Q

When an infected person coughs or
sneezes, tiny germ-laden droplets are sprayed
into the air and breathed into the lungs of
anyone who happens to be nearby.

A

pertussis

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25
Q

Prevention

The best way to prevent whooping cough is with the
pertussis vaccine, which doctors often give in
combination with vaccines against two other
serious diseases — diphtheria and tetanus.

A

pertussis

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26
Q

They’re usually mild
at first and resemble those of a common cold:

Runny nose

Nasal congestion

Red, watery eyes

Fever

Cough

A

pertussis

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27
Q

most serious type of meningitis. It can lead to death or
permanent disability. It is a medical emergency.

A

bacterial meningitis

27
Q

the membranes that surround the
brain and spinal cord and protect the central nervous
system, together with the cerebrospinal fluid.

A

meninges

28
Q

it affects the meninges

A

bacterial meningitis

29
Q

symptoms:
Sudden high fever.

Stiff neck.

Severe headache.

Nausea or vomiting.

Confusion or trouble concentrating.

Seizures.

Sleepiness or trouble waking.

Sensitivity to light.

No appetite or thirst.

Skin rash in some cases, such as in meningococcal
meningitis.

A

bacterial meningitis

30
Q

Bacterial meningitis can be caused by a range of bacteria,

A

Haemophilus influenzae

Neisseria meningitides

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Listeria monocytogenes

Group B Streptococcus

31
Q

This bacteria can pass from mothers to newborns during
delivery.

A

Group B streptococcus can pass from mothers to newborns during
delivery.

32
Q

Prevention

Side effects of the vaccines may include redness and
soreness at the site of the injection and a fever.

To prevent the spread of bacterial meningitis and other
diseases, it is important to practice good hygiene,
such as frequent handwashing.

Being aware of the signs and symptoms of bacterial
meningitis will make it easier to take immediate action
can be taken if necessary.

A

bacterialmeningitis

33
Q

a type of germ, they are very tiny and when they get
inside your body, they can make you sick.

A

viruses

34
Q

cause colds, chicken pox, measles, flu, and many other
diseases.

A

virus

35
Q

a childhood infection caused by
a virus. Once quite common,
it can now almost always
be prevented with a vaccine.

A

measles

36
Q

Measle is also called _______, can be
serious and even fatal for
small children.

A

rubeola

37
Q

typically include:

Fever

Dry cough

Runny nose

Sore throat

Inflamed eyes (conjunctivitis)

Tiny white spots with bluish-white centers on a red
background found inside the mouth on the inner lining
of the cheek — also called Koplik’s spots

A skin rash made up of large, flat blotches that often
flow into one another

A

Measles

38
Q

The measles rash may last about _______ days. The rash
gradually fades first from the face and last from the
thighs and feet. As other symptoms of the illness go
away, the cough and darkening or peeling of the skin
where the rash was may stay for about ________ days.

A

seven
10

39
Q

a highly contagious illness caused by a virus that replicates
in the nose and throat of an infected child or adult.

A

measles

40
Q

The infected droplets may also land on a surface, where they
remain active and contagious for several hours. You can
contract the virus by putting your fingers in your mouth or
nose or rubbing your eyes after touching the infected surface

A

measles

41
Q

Risk factors

Risk factors for measles include:

Being ___________. If you haven’t had the measles
vaccine, you’re much more likely to get measles.

_______internationally. If you travel to countries
where measles is more common, you’re at higher risk of
catching measles.

Having a vitamin
__ deficiency. If you don’t have enough
vitamin A in your diet, you’re more likely to have
more-severe symptoms and complications of measles.

A

unvaccinated
Traveling
A

42
Q

an infection caused by the
varicella-zoster virus. It
causes an itchy rash with
small, fluid-filled
blisters.

A

chicken pox

43
Q

highly contagious to people
who haven’t had the disease
or been vaccinated against
it.

A

chicken pox

44
Q

chicken pox is caused by what virus?

A

varicella-zoster virus

45
Q
  1. Raised bumps called _________, which break out over a few
    days.
  2. Small fluid-filled blisters called _______, which form in
    about one day and then break and leak.

3.______and _________, which cover the broken blisters and take a
few more days to heal.

A

papules
vesicles
Crusts and scabs,

46
Q

a viral infection that causes a painful
rash.

A

shingles

47
Q

it most often
appears as a single stripe of blisters
that wraps around either the left or
the right side of your torso.

A

shingles

48
Q

isn’t a life-threatening
condition, but it can be very painful.

A

shingles

49
Q

The most common complication of shingles is
___________, which causes shingles pain
for a long time after your blisters
have cleared.

A

postherpetic neuralgia

50
Q

caused by the varicella-zoster virus. Anyone who’s had
chickenpox may develop this. After you recover from
chickenpox, the virus enters your nervous system and
lies dormant for years.

A

shingles

51
Q

a contagious viral illness that in its most
severe form causes nerve injury leading to
paralysis, difficulty breathing and
sometimes death.

A

polio

52
Q

Type of Polio

This is the mildest form. If you get it,
you may have cold or flu symptoms and an upset stomach.
Your brain is not usually impacted. Symptoms usually last
for a few days to about a week.

A

Abortive Polio

53
Q

Type of Polio

This type is where symptoms are more severe and may last longer. You are also at risk of getting meningitis, a
serious condition that causes swelling around your brain.
You may need to stay at the hospital while you recover.

A

Nonparalytic polio

54
Q

. This is the most severe type of
polio. It can cause permanent weakness or paralysis
of your legs, arms, or breathing muscles.

A

Paralytic polio

55
Q

Infants are most likely to get
this rare type of polio. It causes swelling of the
brain.

A

Polioencephalitis.

56
Q

Sometimes, polio symptoms like
leg and arm weakness return years after your initial
infection. This is called _____________. It
can happen to anyone who has had polio in the past,
even if you fully recovered.

A

post-polio syndrome

57
Q

Protection from an infectious disease. If you are immune to a
disease, you can be exposed to it without becoming infected.

A

Immunity

58
Q

Type of Immunity
body produces antibodies in response to exposure
to a live pathogen.

A

Active Natural

59
Q

Type of Immunity
- Body produces antibodies in response to a
vaccine.

A

Active artificial

60
Q

Type of Immunity
- Antibodies are passed from the mom to her baby
through the placenta and breastmilk.

A

Passive natural

61
Q

Type of Immunity
- Immunoglobulins are administered to an
individual after exposure to a pathogen.

A

Passive artificial

62
Q

A process by which a person becomes protected against a disease through
vaccination. This term is often used interchangeably with vaccination or
inoculation.

A

Immunization

63
Q

A preparation that is used to stimulate the body’s immune response against
diseases. Theyare usually administered through needle injections, but some
can be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.

A

Vaccines

64
Q

The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce protection from a
specific disease.

A

Vaccination

Modern Biology (6 decks)

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