Chapter 2.2

Question 1

are small single-celled organisms and are found almost everywhere on Earth and are
vital to the planets of ecosystem.

Answer 1

Bacteria

Question 2

Three basic shapes of bacteria

Answer 2

Spherical
Rod-shaped
Spiral

Question 3

Bacteria shaped like a ball are called cocci, and a single bacterium
is a coccus.

Answer 3

Spherical

Question 4

*Examples include the streptococcus group, responsible for “strep
throat.”

Answer 4

spherical

Question 5

These are known as bacilli (singular bacillus).

Answer 5

Rod-shaped

Question 6

Some rod-shaped
bacteria are curved. These are known as

Answer 6

vibrio

Question 7

*Examples of include Bacillus anthracis (B.
anthracis), or anthrax.

Answer 7

rod-shaped

Question 8

These are known as spirilla (singular spirillus).

Answer 8

spiral

Question 9

If the coil of the spiral bacteria is very tight they are known as

Answer 9

spirochetes

Question 10

*Leptospirosis is, Lyme disease, and syphilis are caused
by bacteria of this shape.

Answer 10

spiral

Question 11

a bacterial infection that can make your throat feel
sore and scratchy.
most common in children, but it affects people of all
ages

Answer 11

strep throat

Question 12

If untreated, it can cause complications, such as
kidney inflammation or rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever
can lead to painful and inflamed joints, a specific
type of rash, or heart valve damage.

Answer 12

strep throat

Question 13

Strep throat is caused by infection with a
bacterium known a
_______________, also
called __________________

Answer 13

Streptococcus pyogenes
group A streptococcus.

Question 14

To prevent strep infection:

Answer 14

Wash your hands

Cover your mouth

Don’t share personal items

Question 15

a serious bacterial infection
that usually affects the mucous
membranes of your nose and
throat.

Answer 15

diphtheria

Question 16

can be treated with
medications, but in advanced
stages, it can damage
your heart, kidneys and nervous
system. Even with treatment,
it can be deadly,
especially in children.

Answer 16

diphtheria

Question 17

____________ signs and symptoms usually begin 2 to 5
days after a person becomes infected.

Answer 17

diphtheria

Question 18

Signs and
symptoms may include:

A thick, gray membrane covering the throat and
tonsils

A sore throat and hoarseness

Swollen glands (enlarged lymph nodes) in the
neck

Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing

Nasal discharge

Fever and chills

Tiredness

Answer 18

diphtheria

Question 19

diptheria is caused by the bacterium ___________________.
The bacterium usually multiplies on or near the
surface of the throat.

Answer 19

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 20

Prevention

Today, the disease is not only treatable but
also preventable with a vaccine.

The vaccine is effective at preventing
diphtheria, but there may be some side
effects. Some children may experience a mild
fever, fussiness, drowsiness or tenderness at
the injection site after a shot.

Answer 20

diphtheria

Question 21

a highly contagious
respiratory tract
infection. In many people,
it’s marked by a severe
hacking cough followed by a
high-pitched intake of
breath that sounds like
“whoop.”

Answer 21

pertussis

Question 22

it takes
about seven to 10 days for signs and symptoms to appear,
though it can sometimes take longer.

Answer 22

pertussis

Question 23

pertussis is caused caused by a type of bacteria called

Answer 23

Bordetella pertussis

Question 24

When an infected person coughs or
sneezes, tiny germ-laden droplets are sprayed
into the air and breathed into the lungs of
anyone who happens to be nearby.

Answer 24

pertussis

Question 25

Prevention The best way to prevent whooping cough is with the pertussis vaccine, which doctors often give in combination with vaccines against two other serious diseases — diphtheria and tetanus.

Answer 25

pertussis

Question 26

They're usually mild at first and resemble those of a common cold: Runny nose Nasal congestion Red, watery eyes Fever Cough

Answer 26

pertussis

Question 27

most serious type of meningitis. It can lead to death or permanent disability. It is a medical emergency.

Answer 27

bacterial meningitis

Question 27

the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord and protect the central nervous system, together with the cerebrospinal fluid.

Answer 27

meninges

Question 28

it affects the meninges

Answer 28

bacterial meningitis

Question 29

symptoms: Sudden high fever. Stiff neck. Severe headache. Nausea or vomiting. Confusion or trouble concentrating. Seizures. Sleepiness or trouble waking. Sensitivity to light. No appetite or thirst. Skin rash in some cases, such as in meningococcal meningitis.

Answer 29

bacterial meningitis

Question 30

Bacterial meningitis can be caused by a range of bacteria,

Answer 30

Haemophilus influenzae Neisseria meningitides Streptococcus pneumoniae Listeria monocytogenes Group B Streptococcus

Question 31

This bacteria can pass from mothers to newborns during delivery.

Answer 31

Group B streptococcus can pass from mothers to newborns during delivery.

Question 32

Prevention Side effects of the vaccines may include redness and soreness at the site of the injection and a fever. To prevent the spread of bacterial meningitis and other diseases, it is important to practice good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing. Being aware of the signs and symptoms of bacterial meningitis will make it easier to take immediate action can be taken if necessary.

Answer 32

bacterialmeningitis

Question 33

a type of germ, they are very tiny and when they get inside your body, they can make you sick.

Answer 33

viruses

Question 34

cause colds, chicken pox, measles, flu, and many other diseases.

Answer 34

virus

Question 35

a childhood infection caused by a virus. Once quite common, it can now almost always be prevented with a vaccine.

Answer 35

measles

Question 36

Measle is also called _______, can be serious and even fatal for small children.

Answer 36

rubeola

Question 37

typically include: Fever Dry cough Runny nose Sore throat Inflamed eyes (conjunctivitis) Tiny white spots with bluish-white centers on a red background found inside the mouth on the inner lining of the cheek — also called Koplik's spots A skin rash made up of large, flat blotches that often flow into one another

Answer 37

Measles

Question 38

The measles rash may last about _______ days. The rash gradually fades first from the face and last from the thighs and feet. As other symptoms of the illness go away, the cough and darkening or peeling of the skin where the rash was may stay for about ________ days.

Answer 38

seven 10

Question 39

a highly contagious illness caused by a virus that replicates in the nose and throat of an infected child or adult.

Answer 39

measles

Question 40

The infected droplets may also land on a surface, where they remain active and contagious for several hours. You can contract the virus by putting your fingers in your mouth or nose or rubbing your eyes after touching the infected surface

Answer 40

measles

Question 41

Risk factors Risk factors for measles include: Being ___________. If you haven't had the measles vaccine, you're much more likely to get measles. _______internationally. If you travel to countries where measles is more common, you're at higher risk of catching measles. Having a vitamin __ deficiency. If you don't have enough vitamin A in your diet, you're more likely to have more-severe symptoms and complications of measles.

Answer 41

unvaccinated Traveling A

Question 42

an infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It causes an itchy rash with small, fluid-filled blisters.

Answer 42

chicken pox

Question 43

highly contagious to people who haven't had the disease or been vaccinated against it.

Answer 43

chicken pox

Question 44

chicken pox is caused by what virus?

Answer 44

varicella-zoster virus

Question 45

1. Raised bumps called _________, which break out over a few days. 2. Small fluid-filled blisters called _______, which form in about one day and then break and leak. 3.______and _________, which cover the broken blisters and take a few more days to heal.

Answer 45

papules vesicles Crusts and scabs,

Question 46

a viral infection that causes a painful rash.

Answer 46

shingles

Question 47

it most often appears as a single stripe of blisters that wraps around either the left or the right side of your torso.

Answer 47

shingles

Question 48

isn't a life-threatening condition, but it can be very painful.

Answer 48

shingles

Question 49

The most common complication of shingles is ___________, which causes shingles pain for a long time after your blisters have cleared.

Answer 49

postherpetic neuralgia

Question 50

caused by the varicella-zoster virus. Anyone who's had chickenpox may develop this. After you recover from chickenpox, the virus enters your nervous system and lies dormant for years.

Answer 50

shingles

Question 51

a contagious viral illness that in its most severe form causes nerve injury leading to paralysis, difficulty breathing and sometimes death.

Answer 51

polio

Question 52

Type of Polio This is the mildest form. If you get it, you may have cold or flu symptoms and an upset stomach. Your brain is not usually impacted. Symptoms usually last for a few days to about a week.

Answer 52

Abortive Polio

Question 53

Type of Polio This type is where symptoms are more severe and may last longer. You are also at risk of getting meningitis, a serious condition that causes swelling around your brain. You may need to stay at the hospital while you recover.

Answer 53

Nonparalytic polio

Question 54

. This is the most severe type of polio. It can cause permanent weakness or paralysis of your legs, arms, or breathing muscles.

Answer 54

Paralytic polio

Question 55

Infants are most likely to get this rare type of polio. It causes swelling of the brain.

Answer 55

Polioencephalitis.

Question 56

Sometimes, polio symptoms like leg and arm weakness return years after your initial infection. This is called _____________. It can happen to anyone who has had polio in the past, even if you fully recovered.

Answer 56

post-polio syndrome

Question 57

Protection from an infectious disease. If you are immune to a disease, you can be exposed to it without becoming infected.

Answer 57

Immunity

Question 58

Type of Immunity body produces antibodies in response to exposure to a live pathogen.

Answer 58

Active Natural

Question 59

Type of Immunity - Body produces antibodies in response to a vaccine.

Answer 59

Active artificial

Question 60

Type of Immunity - Antibodies are passed from the mom to her baby through the placenta and breastmilk.

Answer 60

Passive natural

Question 61

Type of Immunity - Immunoglobulins are administered to an individual after exposure to a pathogen.

Answer 61

Passive artificial

Question 62

A process by which a person becomes protected against a disease through vaccination. This term is often used interchangeably with vaccination or inoculation.

Answer 62

Immunization

Question 63

A preparation that is used to stimulate the body’s immune response against diseases. Theyare usually administered through needle injections, but some can be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.

Answer 63

Vaccines

Question 64

The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce protection from a specific disease.

Answer 64

Vaccination