Chapter 3

Question 1

The Cell

Answer 1

considered the basic unit of life

Question 2

Cell Structure

Answer 2

Plasma, cytoplasm, and organelles

Question 3

Plasma Membrane

Answer 3

Protects the inner contents of the cell, separates the water inside and outside, and controls what enters and leaves the cell

Question 4

Organelles

Answer 4

Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Cilia and Flagella
Nucleus

Question 5

Cytoskeleton

Answer 5

These are a system of proteins that provide a framework for the inside of the cell

Question 6

Ribosomes

Answer 6

Tiny granules that contain RNA and are involved in protein synthesis, including enzymes. Also the protein factory

Question 7

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 7

Is a system of membranous channels that extend through the cytoplasm of the cell - like a canal system.
Two Types:
Smooth ER
Rough ER

Question 8

Smooth ER

Answer 8

no ribosomes; smooth appearance.

Question 9

Rough ER

Answer 9

contains ribosomes - thus has a granular or “rough” appearance.

Question 10

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 10

Consists of flattened sacs stacked on each other. It is a packaging center for the cell.

Question 11

Mitochondria

Answer 11

Tiny, rod-shaped organelles. Referred to as the “powerhouses” of the cell because they produce ATP (energy) that keeps the cells alive and provides the “power” for cellular functions such as muscle contraction.

Question 12

Production of ATP in the Mitochondria

Answer 12

Cellular respiration. Cellular respiration requires glucose (primarily), oxygen, and specific enzymes. Byproducts of the ATP production are carbon dioxide, water and heat.

Question 13

Lysosomes

Answer 13

Are round packets of digestive enzymes which have been manufactured by the cell and packaged by the Golgi complex.

Question 14

Cilia

Answer 14

are small, hairlike structures that move materials outside of the cell.

Question 15

Flagella

Answer 15

Longer than cilia; usually 1 per cell. They are used for moving the cell

Question 16

Nucleus

Answer 16

Large, usually round organelle; some cells have more than one while others do not have any. It is the control center of the cell.

Question 17

Passive Transport

Answer 17

involve concentration gradients. No energy is used by the cell.

Question 18

Diffusion

Answer 18

The movement of materials from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration until the material is evenly distributed. Very common method of moving materials into and out of the cell.

Question 19

Osmosis

Answer 19

The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a cell membrane.

Question 20

Filtration

Answer 20

The movement of solvents (such as water) and dissolved substances across a selectively permeable membrane due to pressure. Materials are forced thru due to the pressure

Question 21

Active Transport

Answer 21

Not all movement of materials into and out of cells can be explained by concentration gradients.

Question 22

Phagocytosis

Answer 22

Cell “eating.” Certain white blood cells can use phagocytosis to ingest bacteria or debris that may be harmful to the cell. Lysosomes usually dispose of the ingested substance.

Question 23

Pinocytosis

Answer 23

Cell “drinking” Similar to phagocytosis except that the sac that is formed includes water as well as solutes (usually large) trapped in the water.

Question 24

Mitosis

Answer 24

When cells are damaged, diseased, old, or reach a critical size, they undergo mitosis. This is also critical for growth of an individual.

Question 25

Phases of Cell Division

Answer 25

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

Question 26

Interphase

Answer 26

Is the period between cell divisions. During this phase, the DNA replicates but doesn’t appear as distinct strands yet. The indistinct DNA is known as chromatin.

Question 27

Prophase

Answer 27

During prophase, the chromatin changes and becomes the now visible chromosomes.

Question 28

Metaphase

Answer 28

During this phase, the chromatids line up in the middle of the cell.

Question 29

Anaphase

Answer 29

In this stage, the duplicated chromosomes move away from the center to opposite sides of the cell. One of each pair moves to opposite sides so that there are identical chromosomes on each side.

Question 30

Telophase

Answer 30

In telophase the chromosomes have reached the opposite sides and new membranes start to form around the chromosomes, creating two new nuclei each containing the same genetic material.

Question 31

Cytokinesis

Answer 31

This is the actual division of the cytoplasm, which begins during late anaphase. A “pinching” of the cytoplasm occurs until it is completely cut through and thus forms two new, identical cells.

Question 32

Protein Synthesis

Answer 32

The cell’s DNA (or the genes) code for all of the many proteins that make up our body and its parts.

Question 33

Transcription

Answer 33

In transcription, the DNA molecule unwinds to expose a particular section of bases that is the code for a particular protein. It is then copied.

Question 34

Translation

Answer 34

The mRNA leaves the nucleus and proceeds to attach to a ribosome. The ribosome “translates” or reads the code contained in the mRNA.