Chapter 2 Flashcards
3 States of matter
Solid, Liquid, Gas
Elements Name:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
C
H
O
N
4 Most common elements in the human body composing 96% of the human body
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
Element Name:
Sodium
Iron
Calcium
Potassium
Phosphorus
Chlorine
Sulfur
Na
Fe
Ca
K
P
Cl
S
4 Parts of an Atom
Nucleus, Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
Nucleus
Core of the atom
Proton
Positive particles
Neutron
Particles with no charge
Electrons
Negatively charged particles
Energy Levels (Rings)
Rings on the atom around the nucleus which contain the electrons. up to 2 for the first ring and then up to 8 for every ring after that.
Atomic Number
Number of protons in an atom
Isotope
Isotopes are atoms where the number of neutrons differ from the original atom
Radioisotopes
An atom that is unstable and begins to break down. This produces radioactivity.
Ion
Electrically charged atom
Cation
Positive electrical charged atom
Anion
Negative electrical charged atom
Electrolytes
Ions that dissociate creating a solution that contains both cations and anions. They conduct electrical charge known as electrolytes.
Covalent Bond
These are created when atoms share electrons. They are borrowed. They do not dissociate in water.
Water in the Body
About 2/3 of our body is composed of water and it is one of the most abundant and important compounds in the human body
Solvent
Materials readily dissolve in it
Solutes
Material that goes in a solvent to create a solution
Solution
A solute that has been dissolved in a solvent
Acid-H+ some anion
More acidic on the pH scale. In numbers from 7 towards 1
Base- some cation + OH-
More basic on the pH scale. In numbers from 7 to 14.
Buffers
Chemicals that help prevent fluctuations in pH
Salts
These are compounds that separate in water to form some type of cation (but not H+) and some type of anion (but not OH-)
Organic Compounds
Always contain Carbon
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharies
Disaccharies
Polysaccharies
Monosaccharies
are the smallest carbohydrates and are known as the “simple sugars.” These are the form that our body can absorb into the blood and which are used to create ATP
Disaccharies
more complex “double” sugars. These are the combination of two monosaccharides chemically joined
Polysaccharies
complex and large compounds; starches
Lipids
Contain C, H, O
Lipids are larger and more complex than carbohydrates
Solid at room temp- fat
Liquid at room temp- oil
Function of a Lipid
Protection, Insulation, Fuel Storage
Building Blocks of most lipids
Glycerol and Fatty Acids
Triglycerides or Neutral Fat
This is a type of lipid which contains one glycerol and three fatty acids. It is good for energy storage and is how we store fat in our bodies
Phospholipids
A lipid that contains phosphorus. These are very important structures in our cell membranes
Cholesterol
is a steroid lipid which has a ring-like structure. It is a building block for important hormones, cell membranes, and nervous system.
Protein
Contain C, H, O, N
Proteins are large and complex
Structural Proteins
Are shaped in ways that allow them to form essential structures of the body
Functional Proteins
have shapes that enable them to participate in chemical processes of the body
Building Blocks for Proteins
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids
Contain C, H, O, N, P
Enzymes
are types of proteins that are important in many of the body’s chemical reactions
Building Block for Nucleic Acid
The building blocks for nucleic acids are nucleotides.
DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA is in our cell’s nucleus and each of us has unique DNA. It is our genetic material; it codes for all of the proteins in the body!
RNA = Ribonucleic Acid
This is also found in cells, but its role is in the manufacture of proteins.
ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP is the chemical required for cells to live. It is the energy molecule. It provides energy for all cellular (bodily) functions. Without ATP cells, tissues, organs, and ultimately the body die.
Synthesis or Dehydration Reactions
When creating large organic compounds there is a chemical loss of water when the two smaller subunits join into a larger structure
Decomposition of Hydrolysis Reactions
In these reactions, there is a chemical addition of water which results in the large compound separating back into the smaller subunits.
