Chapter 3

Question 1

adjuvant

Answer 1

a substance that enhances T cell activation by promoting accumulation of antigen presenting cells at the site of antigen exposure and enhancing the expression of cytokines. example: alum in vaccines

Question 2

affinity

Answer 2

the initial force of attraction that exists between a single Fab site on an antibody molecule, and a single epitope or determinant site on the corresponding antigen

Question 3

alloantibodies

Answer 3

antibodies to self

Question 4

anamnestic response

Answer 4

the memory response to an antigen

Question 5

antibodies

Answer 5

formed in response to antigens, with the purpose of binding to antigens

Question 6

antigens

Answer 6

any substance that may be bound by an antibody molecule or T lymphocyte receptor. Not all antigens are immunogens

Question 7

autoantigens

Answer 7

self antigens that provoke antibody responses

Question 8

avidity

Answer 8

the total functional strength of all interactions between an antibody and its antigen

Question 9

clonal selection

Answer 9

the production of specific cells by B? lymphocytes after being designated for that specific purpose. takes 3-5 days

Question 10

epitopes

Answer 10

part of an antigen

Question 11

haptens

Answer 11

tiny molecules that can increase the efficacy of antibodies

Question 12

HLA (Human leukocyte antigens)

Answer 12

antigens that have to do with graft rejection

Question 13

hybridoma

Question 14

Idiotypes

Answer 14

individually specific to each immunoglobulin molecule. individual determinants

Question 15

immune complexes

Answer 15

the noncovalent combination of an antigen with its respective specific antibody

Question 16

immunogens

Answer 16

macromolecules capable of triggering an adaptive immune response. All immunogens are antigens

Question 17

MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

Answer 17

Nucleated cells are covered in antigens that provoke an immune response if transferred into a genetically different individual of the same species

Question 18

monoclonal antibodies

Answer 18

purified antibodies cloned from a single cell

Question 19

neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)

Answer 19

involved in the transport of IgG across the placental barrier to the fetus, and maternal IgG across the intestine in neonates.

Question 20

opsonins effect

Answer 20

the effect of opsonizing agents that make a cell more receptive to phagocytosis

Question 21

precipitating

Answer 21

the large type of immune complex

Question 22

soluble

Answer 22

the small type of immune complex

Question 23

zeta potential

Question 24

antigen and antibody makeup

Answer 24

Antigens are large organic molecules that are proteins or polysaccharides. larger molecules are better antigens. proteins are excellent antigens because of their weight and structural complexity

Question 25

IgM

Answer 25

first antibody produced in the immune response. first effective defense against bacteremia. many (10) binding sites = higher avidity. activates the classic complement pathway. antigen receptor of naive B lymphocytes

Question 26

IgG

Answer 26

most prevalent antibody class in plasma and serum. opsonization of antigens for phagocytosis. combats microorganisms in extravascular fluid. activates the classic complement pathway. cell mediated cytotoxicity mediated by nk cells. neonatal immunity. feedback inhibition of b lymphocyte activation

Question 27

IgA

Answer 27

mucosal immunity. defends body's external surfaces. secretion into GI tract and respiratory tract. IgA is less susceptible to proteolytic cleavage

Question 28

IgE

Answer 28

Mast cell degranulation (hypersensitivity reactions) provides protection against parasitic helminthic infections.

Question 29

IgD

Answer 29

very low amount present in the blood

Question 30

IgM reference range

Answer 30

60-250 mg/dL for men, 70-280mg/dL for women

Question 31

IgG reference range

Answer 31

800-1800 mg/dL

Question 32

IgA reference range

Answer 32

90-450mg/dL