Chapter 3 Flashcards
what is the first line of defense (innate immunity)?
- intact skin
- mucous membranes + their secretions
- normal microbiota
what is the second line of defense (innate immunity)?
- natural killer cells + phagocytic white blood cells
- inflammation
- fever
- antimicrobial substances
what is the third line of defense (adaptive immunity)?
- specialized lymphocytes (T and B cells)
- antibodies
What is CBC?
- complete blood count
- a blood test used to evaluate your overall health + detect a wide range of disorders
_____% of all body cells are RBC.
84%
What do pluripotent stem cells split into?
- myeloid stem cell
- lymphoid stem cell
what are the granular leukocytes (white blood cells)?
- mast cells
- eosinophils
- basophils
- neutrophil
what are the agranular leukocytes (white blood cells)?
- monocyte
- t cell
- b cell
- natural killer cell
How are the granules in granular leukocytes seen?
with Wright stain
Neutrophils are _____-______% of total WBC population
50-70%
What do eosinophils are?
phagocytes attracted to foreign compounds that have reacted with antibodies
what do basophils do?
migrate to damaged tissue and release histamine and heparin
What does Agranular leukocytes mean?
no granules seen with Wright stain
what do monocytes become?
macrophage
What do lymphocytes include?
T cells, B cells, and NK cells
what do B cells produce?
antibodies (humoral immunity) larger than T cells
what are T cells?
cell-mediated immunity
What is the percentage and average number of neutrophils?
60-70% / 4150
What is the percentage and average number of lymphocytes?
20-25% / 2185
What is the percentage and average number of macrophages?
3-8% / 456
What is the percentage and average number of eosinophil?
2-4% / 165
What is the percentage and average number of basophils?
0.5-1% / 44
what is the normal range of white blood cells?
4,500 - 11,000
What does a high neutrophil count reveal?
bacteria infection
what does a high lymphocyte count reveal?
viral infection or toxoplasmosis infection
what does a “signet ring” inside RBCs reveal?
malaria infection
what does a high eosinophil count reveal?
worm parasite infection
what does a high basophil count reveal?
tick infection
what does a high number of eosinophils and large immature platelets in blood clotting reveal?
COVID-19
what is phagocytosis?
Ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell
What type of white blood cell is always phagocytic?
neutrophils
What type of white blood cell is sometimes phagocytic?
eosinophils
What type of white blood cell is phagocytic as mature macrophages?
monocytes
Where are fixed macrophages located?
lungs, liver, bronchi
(wandering macrophages roam tissues)
What is an example of occupation of privileged site in RBC?
Plasmodium vivax in RBC
what is an example of occupation of privileged site in WBC?
Leishmania (protozoan parasite)
What diseases involve parasites invading spleen, liver, and lymph nodes?
Leishmaniasis, Malaria, Babesiosis, Schistosomiasis, Toxoplasmosis
What is the function of the spleen?
filters RBCs and WBCs
describe acquired immunity (specific)
developed during an individual’s lifetime
describe humoral immunity
involves antibodies made by B cells (in body fluids)
describe cell-mediated immunity
involves T cells
Describe IgM’s major attributes
- Largest of Antibodies
- Principal component of 1° response
- First to arrive
- shortest stay
Describe IgG’s major attributes
- Most abundant
- Stays longest
- Principal component of 2 response from vaccine
- enhances phagocytosis
Describe IgA’s major attributes
- Found mainly in secretions, such as mucous, tears, saliva, milk
- Numerous in respiratory infections
What does G.O.D. mean?
(generator of diversity) Expressing the ability of the body’s ability to manufacture whatever defense is needed
What is the general shape of antibodies or immunoglobulins (Ig) + what do they do?
Y-shaped proteins that recognize unique markers (antigens) on pathogens
Describe IgD’s major attributes.
- Assist B-Cell response facilitates maturation of the Secret Service antibody response
- Antigen receptor on B-Cells
- Some functions of IgD are not known; it is a “secret.”
Describe IgE’s major attributes.
- Mainly involved with multicellular (worm) parasitic infections; Works with eosinophils
- Also Involved with airborne allergens/ allergies
what are the beneficial effects of parasitism?
- hygiene hypothesis
- helminth thereapy
what is the definition of disease?
the appearance of clinical symptoms
what determines the severity of a disease?
intensity of infection = (# parasites per host)
what is the microbial deprivation hypothesis?
the proper development of the animal immune system depends on continuous exposure to a variety of antigens, among them are bacteria and parasites. Studies have found an inverse relationship between some autoimmune diseases & parasitic diseases
what is adaptive immunity?
defenses that target a specific pathogen
what is the primary response in adaptive immunity?
first time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance
what is the secondary response in adaptive immunity?
- later interactions with the same foreign substance
- faster and more effective due to “memory
What is the new malaria vaccine?
R21
what does the antibody structure “store”?
the pathogen’s specificity
what is immunological memory?
occurs after the second exposure to an antigen
what is antibody titer?
the relative amount of antibody in the serum
