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Parasitology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first line of defense (innate immunity)?

A
  • intact skin
  • mucous membranes + their secretions
  • normal microbiota
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2
Q

what is the second line of defense (innate immunity)?

A
  • natural killer cells + phagocytic white blood cells
  • inflammation
  • fever
  • antimicrobial substances
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3
Q

what is the third line of defense (adaptive immunity)?

A
  • specialized lymphocytes (T and B cells)
  • antibodies
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4
Q

What is CBC?

A
  • complete blood count
  • a blood test used to evaluate your overall health + detect a wide range of disorders
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5
Q

_____% of all body cells are RBC.

A

84%

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6
Q

What do pluripotent stem cells split into?

A
  • myeloid stem cell
  • lymphoid stem cell
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7
Q

what are the granular leukocytes (white blood cells)?

A
  • mast cells
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • neutrophil
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8
Q

what are the agranular leukocytes (white blood cells)?

A
  • monocyte
  • t cell
  • b cell
  • natural killer cell
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9
Q

How are the granules in granular leukocytes seen?

A

with Wright stain

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10
Q

Neutrophils are _____-______% of total WBC population

A

50-70%

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11
Q

What do eosinophils are?

A

phagocytes attracted to foreign compounds that have reacted with antibodies

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12
Q

what do basophils do?

A

migrate to damaged tissue and release histamine and heparin

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13
Q

What does Agranular leukocytes mean?

A

no granules seen with Wright stain

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14
Q

what do monocytes become?

A

macrophage

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15
Q

What do lymphocytes include?

A

T cells, B cells, and NK cells

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16
Q

what do B cells produce?

A

antibodies (humoral immunity) larger than T cells

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17
Q

what are T cells?

A

cell-mediated immunity

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18
Q

What is the percentage and average number of neutrophils?

A

60-70% / 4150

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19
Q

What is the percentage and average number of lymphocytes?

A

20-25% / 2185

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20
Q

What is the percentage and average number of macrophages?

A

3-8% / 456

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21
Q

What is the percentage and average number of eosinophil?

A

2-4% / 165

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22
Q

What is the percentage and average number of basophils?

A

0.5-1% / 44

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23
Q

what is the normal range of white blood cells?

A

4,500 - 11,000

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24
Q

What does a high neutrophil count reveal?

A

bacteria infection

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25
Q

what does a high lymphocyte count reveal?

A

viral infection or toxoplasmosis infection

26
Q

what does a “signet ring” inside RBCs reveal?

A

malaria infection

27
Q

what does a high eosinophil count reveal?

A

worm parasite infection

28
Q

what does a high basophil count reveal?

A

tick infection

29
Q

what does a high number of eosinophils and large immature platelets in blood clotting reveal?

A

COVID-19

30
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

Ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell

31
Q

What type of white blood cell is always phagocytic?

A

neutrophils

32
Q

What type of white blood cell is sometimes phagocytic?

A

eosinophils

33
Q

What type of white blood cell is phagocytic as mature macrophages?

A

monocytes

34
Q

Where are fixed macrophages located?

A

lungs, liver, bronchi

(wandering macrophages roam tissues)

35
Q

What is an example of occupation of privileged site in RBC?

A

Plasmodium vivax in RBC

36
Q

what is an example of occupation of privileged site in WBC?

A

Leishmania (protozoan parasite)

37
Q

What diseases involve parasites invading spleen, liver, and lymph nodes?

A

Leishmaniasis, Malaria, Babesiosis, Schistosomiasis, Toxoplasmosis

38
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

filters RBCs and WBCs

39
Q

describe acquired immunity (specific)

A

developed during an individual’s lifetime

40
Q

describe humoral immunity

A

involves antibodies made by B cells (in body fluids)

41
Q

describe cell-mediated immunity

A

involves T cells

42
Q

Describe IgM’s major attributes

A
  • Largest of Antibodies
  • Principal component of 1° response
  • First to arrive
  • shortest stay
43
Q

Describe IgG’s major attributes

A
  • Most abundant
  • Stays longest
  • Principal component of 2 response from vaccine
  • enhances phagocytosis
44
Q

Describe IgA’s major attributes

A
  • Found mainly in secretions, such as mucous, tears, saliva, milk
  • Numerous in respiratory infections
45
Q

What does G.O.D. mean?

A

(generator of diversity) Expressing the ability of the body’s ability to manufacture whatever defense is needed

46
Q

What is the general shape of antibodies or immunoglobulins (Ig) + what do they do?

A

Y-shaped proteins that recognize unique markers (antigens) on pathogens

47
Q

Describe IgD’s major attributes.

A
  • Assist B-Cell response facilitates maturation of the Secret Service antibody response
  • Antigen receptor on B-Cells
  • Some functions of IgD are not known; it is a “secret.”
48
Q

Describe IgE’s major attributes.

A
  • Mainly involved with multicellular (worm) parasitic infections; Works with eosinophils
  • Also Involved with airborne allergens/ allergies
49
Q

what are the beneficial effects of parasitism?

A
  • hygiene hypothesis
  • helminth thereapy
50
Q

what is the definition of disease?

A

the appearance of clinical symptoms

51
Q

what determines the severity of a disease?

A

intensity of infection = (# parasites per host)

52
Q

what is the microbial deprivation hypothesis?

A

the proper development of the animal immune system depends on continuous exposure to a variety of antigens, among them are bacteria and parasites. Studies have found an inverse relationship between some autoimmune diseases & parasitic diseases

53
Q

what is adaptive immunity?

A

defenses that target a specific pathogen

54
Q

what is the primary response in adaptive immunity?

A

first time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance

55
Q

what is the secondary response in adaptive immunity?

A
  • later interactions with the same foreign substance
  • faster and more effective due to “memory
56
Q

What is the new malaria vaccine?

A

R21

57
Q

what does the antibody structure “store”?

A

the pathogen’s specificity

58
Q

what is immunological memory?

A

occurs after the second exposure to an antigen

59
Q

what is antibody titer?

A

the relative amount of antibody in the serum

60
Q
A

Parasitology (9 decks)

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