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Parasitology > Ch. 10,13,15 > Flashcards

Ch. 10,13,15 Flashcards

1
Q

Define degeneracy.

A

loss of original information

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2
Q

Define metabolic dependency.

A

loss of metabolic capabilities

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3
Q

________ parasitism may have ‘devolved’ by free-living, facultatively developing, arrested larvae becoming associated with animals, ultimately becoming parasites.

A

Trematode

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4
Q

Define displacement.

A

no longer in original place and host association

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5
Q

What is the life cycle of the black spot parasite?

A

1) Adult develops in the bird definitive host
2) Egg passes from kingfisher + hatches in water –> matures into miracidium
3) Miracidium penetrates snail
4) Sporocyst larval stage in snail
5) Sporocyst larval stage in snail develops into cercaria and emerges from snail
6) Cercaria penetrates fish + develops into metacercaria

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6
Q

About how long is the trematode fluke cycle?

A

21 days

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7
Q

What fluke life stages are found in snails?

A

Miracidium, Mother Sporocyst, Daughter Sporocyst, Cercaria

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8
Q

What fluke life stages are found in fish?

A

Metacercaria

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9
Q

what fluke life stages are found in the Kingfisher?

A

Adult Fluke

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10
Q

What are the 4 major human organs in which trematode endoparasites can be found?

A

1) small intestine
2) liver
3) lungs
4) blood vessels

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11
Q

What endoparasites are found in the small intestine?

A

1) Echinostoma spp.
2) Fasciolopsis buski

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12
Q

What endoparasites are found in the liver?

A

1) Fasciola hepatica
2) Clonorchis & Opisthorchis spp.

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13
Q

What endoparasites are found in the lungs?

A

Paragonimus spp.

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14
Q

What endoparasites are found in the blood vessels?

A

Schistosoma spp.

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15
Q

What is the reservoir host of trematodes?

A

bull looking animal

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16
Q

what is the definitive host of trematodes (where sexual reproduction occurs)?

A

vertebrates (specifically humans)

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17
Q

What is the first intermediate host of trematodes?

A

snail

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18
Q

what is the second intermediate host of trematodes?

A

fish

19
Q

what is the infective stage of trematodes?

A

metacercaria

20
Q

Where does asexual reproduction of trematodes occur?

A

snails

21
Q

What are the characteristics of Class Cestoidea (tapeworms)?

A

1) segmented body
2) lack a digestive tract
3) heteroxenous life cycle

22
Q

What is the definitive host of tapeworms?

A

humans

23
Q

what stage and where in the human body are tapeworms found as the definitive host?

A

stage –> adult tapeworms
location –> small intestine

24
Q

what stage and where in the human body are tapeworms found as the intermediate/paratenic host?

A

stage –> larvae
location –> internal organs

25
Q

What is the intermediate/paratenic host of tapeworms?

A

humans

26
Q

What class of Platyhelminthes is mostly free living?

A

Class Turbellaria

27
Q

What are the general characteristics of Platyhelminthes?

A

1) flattened dorso-ventrally –> flatworms
2) acoelomates –> no body cavity + has parenchymal cells
3) Osmoregulation –> flame cell system
4) tegument (in parasitic) –> featureless
5) 2 types of reproductive systems –> monecious + dioecious
6) ovum (egg) –> contains first larva stage
7) miracidium –> develops within egg

28
Q

what are parenchymal cells?

A

packing tissue around organs

29
Q

What is the point of the flame cell system (osmoregulation)?

A

to remove water

30
Q

Describe monecious.

A

reproductive organs of male and female in one organism –> hermaphroditic

31
Q

Describe dioecious.

A

separate male and female worms

32
Q

What species is non-operculated?

A

schistosomes

33
Q

What are the characteristics of the miracidium life stage?

A
  • hatches in water (or snail gut)
  • swims with ciliated
  • positive phototaxis (may have eyespots)
34
Q

How do you get swimmer’s itch?

A

wading in infected waters

35
Q

About how many cases per year are there of swimmer’s itch?

A

400,000

36
Q

What is the life cycle of the fluke in swimmer’s itch?

A

1) eggs are passes in feces
2) eggs hatch + liberate miracidia
3) develops in a molluscan (snail) intermediate host
4) humans are exposed to the dermatitis-producing cercariae

37
Q

Who is the “father of tropical medicine” + discovered Schistosomes?

A

Manson

38
Q

what is the shape of most tapeworms?

A

leaf-like

39
Q

What are the drugs to treat flukes and tapeworms?

A
  • Praziquantel
  • Oxamniquine,
  • Metrifonate
  • niclosamide
40
Q

what is protonephridia?

A

flame cell system

41
Q

what is an example of degeneration?

A

B12 deficiency from fish tapeworms

42
Q

Describe the differences between monogenea and digenea.

A

Digenea (flukes) :
- complex life cycle involving multiple hosts - possess two suckers, one oral and one ventral, which they use to attach to their hosts

Monogenea:
- simpler parasites
direct life cycle with only one host.

43
Q

Describe the differences between cestodes and trematodes?

A

Cestodes:
- tapeworms
- segmented plane
- no digestive tract
- hermaphrodites

Trematodes:
- flukes
- unsegmented plane
- incomplete digestive tract
- hermaphrodites –> except schistosomas

Parasitology (9 decks)

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