Chapter 3 Flashcards
John Snow, considered the founder of epidemiology, realized the source of the London’s cholera epidemic through:
A.
A residential pattern of death
B.
Mapping of the food supply
C.
Interviewing the families of the sick
D.
Performing autopsies
A. Residential pattern of death
The history and development of epidemiology has gone through several developmental phases. The public health nursing student learns that these phases came about in history in what order?
A.
Risk factor phase, infectious disease phase, and sanitary phase
B.
Infectious disease phase, risk factor phase, and sanitary phase
C.
Sanitary phase, infectious disease phase, and risk factor phase
D.
Agent phase, host phase, and environment phase
C. Sanitary phase, infectious disease phase, and risk factor phase
A public health nurse (PHN) is asked by the hospital administration to find out why there are so many pediatric asthma patients coming to the ER for treatment and to develop a plan to reduce admissions by 10%. The nurse needs to untangle the multiple risk factors involved in order to determine what type of intervention should be developed, so he or she uses:
A.
Descriptive data analysis
B.
The ecological model
C.
Demography
D.
The web of causation
D. The web of causation
If a nurse takes the number of new cases of a disease or illness among the contacts of initial (primary) cases and divides it by the number of people in the population at risk, he or she is calculating the:
A.
Prevalence
B.
Incidence
C.
Secondary attack rate
D.
Attack rate
C. Secondary attack rate
A public health official reports that the weekly influenza rate for a city in Oregon is 12.5%. This rate does not take into account smoking status, so it is a(n):
A.
Independent rate
B.
Mortality rate
C.
Dependent rate
D.
Morbidity rate
A. Independent Rate
When comparing the body mass index (BMI) of obese women in two cities, it would be an erroneous assumption for the nurse to think that, based on these averages, since the average BMI of City A was higher than that of City B, a woman in City A will have a higher BMI than a woman in City B. This assumption is referred to as:
A.
An odds ratio
B.
An ecological fallacy
C.
A causality
D.
Relative risk
B. An ecological fallacy
A nurse conducts a survey within several months to determine which children in a certain school have parents that smoke in order to study their risk for asthma. This type of study is called a(n):
A.
Case-control study
B.
Cross-sectional study
C.
Cohort study
D.
Outbreak investigation
B. Cross-sectional study
A control or “no disease” group is needed for study of oral cancer. The nurses conducting the study decide to use a group of patients with skin cancer because these patients are at the same facility, and the likelihood of developing oral cancer with skin cancer is low. However, this variable could still cause the disease being studied, as well as potential limitations in the study. This variable would be called a(n):
A.
Confounder
B.
Right censoring
C.
Case-control
D.
Odds ratio
A. Confounder
An epidemiologist uses the epidemiological triangle to explain the occurrence of disease by looking at the three main components of the model: the host, the environment, and the agent. The PHN understands that the agent could be one of many types except:
A.
Biological and chemical
B.
Nutritive
C.
Physical
D.
Ecological
D. Ecological
The public health nursing student is studying outbreak investigations and disease trends. The student learns that the disease that has seen an increase in the last 30 years after a decline in the 1970s is:
A.
West Nile virus
B.
H1N1 virus
C.
Influenza
D.
Pertussis
D. Pertussis
A nurse is giving a lecture on communicable diseases and indicates that West Nile virus is spread by all of the following except:
A.
Poor sanitation conditions
B.
Insects
C.
Poor hygiene
D.
Tainted food
D. Tainted food
The PHN understands that chronic diseases have replaced communicable diseases as the major disease classification for:
A.
Larger third world countries
B.
Low-income countries
C.
High-income countries
D.
Smaller, more primitive countries
C. High-income countries
A PHN has a patient that has multiple medical issues that have developed over time. The nurse suspects that the issues are due to working in a chemical plant. The plant was monitored carefully, but a direct cause of his illness will be difficult to prove because:
A.
Safety records of the plant do not pertain to the health records of the patient.
B.
The patient has medical problems that could be caused by lifestyle decisions.
C.
Toxic substances often have thresholds below which exposures do not present human health risks but above which can prove to have adverse and sometimes fatal consequences.
D.
Some toxic substances are difficult to trace in medical tests.
C. Toxic substances often have thresholds below which exposures do not present human health risks but above which can prove to have adverse and sometimes fatal consequences
A family does preconception testing for early identification of cerebral palsy to make childbearing decisions by using genetic markers. The PHN recognizes that this area of study is called:
A.
The Human Genome Project
B.
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
C.
Ecological epidemiology
D.
Genomics
D. Genomics
A PHN is looking into the high rate of diabetes in the community. The nurse knows that there are three categories of risk factors in the field of epidemiology to be considered in the investigation. These categories include all of the following except:
A.
Prevalence
B.
Behavioral
C.
Environmental
D.
Genetic
A. Prevalence
