Chapter 3

Question 1

Purpose

Answer 1

-be able to identify independent and dependent variables
-Be able to describe independent and dependent variable

Question 2

Importance

Answer 2

The independent variable is typically the risk factor that influences the dependent outcome variable

Question 3

Practical application

Answer 3

we typically manipulate the independent variable to influence the dependent variable

Question 4

Independent Variable

Answer 4

-what is being manipulated
-influences the dependent variable
-cause (independent variable) and effect (dependent variable)

Question 5

Depenedent Variable

Answer 5

-not manipulated
-the outcome variable
-is “dependent” on the independent variable

Question 6

Blind study

Answer 6

subject

Question 7

Double blind study

Answer 7

subject + investigators (admin treatment)

Question 8

Triple blind study

Answer 8

subject + investigators + person assessing outcome

Question 9

Placebo (sham)

Answer 9

Any therapeutic procedure (or a component of any therapeutic procedure) which is given
1. deliberately to have an effect or
2. unknowingly and has an effect on a symptom, syndrome disease or patient but which is objectively without specific activity for the condition being treated

Question 10

Placebo effect

Answer 10

definced as the changes produced by placebos

Question 11

Placebo (Paul’s definition)

Answer 11

Intervention that should not matter that has a positive outcome

Question 12

Hawthorne effect

Answer 12

Individuals modify as aspect of their behaviors because they know they are being observed

Question 13

Mechanism of action -placebo

Answer 13

Psychological: expectations via “verbal cues as modulators of expectancies”

Question 14

Nocebo

Answer 14

-negative expectation
-when subject knows that they were randomized into the “control” group

Question 15

Descriptive Studies

Answer 15

Describes the occurrence of a disease in a population, answers the who, where, when to explain

Question 16

Analytical studies

Answer 16

analyzing the relationships between health status and dieases

Question 17

Best studies are….

Answer 17

RCT (Randomized control trials)

Question 18

Experimental

Answer 18

a active attempt to change a determinant; involving an intervention

Question 19

Observational

Answer 19

participants are monitored for change; with or without a specific intervention

Question 20

Cohort

Answer 20

group of participants studied/followed as a whole

Question 21

Analytical

Answer 21

determining casual relationships

Question 22

Field

Answer 22

trial- study occurs outside the lab

Question 23

Community Trial

Answer 23

studied population is an entire community

Question 24

Multifactorial

Answer 24

studying the effect of 2 unrelated interventions at the same time in the same group

Question 25

Longitudinal

Answer 25

occurring over a very long time period

Question 26

Incidence

Answer 26

of new cases / # persons at risk

Question 27

Un-ethical

Answer 27

to expose or force independent variable

Question 28

Quasi-experimental, semi-experimental, and convenice sample

Answer 28

were not random studies

Question 29

Odd ratio is what type of study?

Answer 29

Retrospective study

Question 30

Odds

Answer 30

proportion

Question 31

Probability

Answer 31

rate