Chapter 3 Flashcards
simple carbohydrates
monosaccharides, 1 or 2 sugar molecules, taste sweet, clean burning energy (EX: lactose and glucose)
complex carbohydrates
polysaccharides, long chains of sugar, taste bland (EX: starch, cellulose, glycogen)
What are lipids
Lipids are diverse, hydrophobic compounds composed largely of carbon and hydrogen.
Lipid functions
Long-term energy storage
Builds cell membranes
Builds hormones and cholesterol
Oils, waxes, and fats
hydrophobic
repelled by water
hydrophillic
having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water
If you add oil to half a bottle of water, what will happen? Which is hydrophobic and which is hydrophilic?
dehydration synthesis
(synthesis reaction) making something bigger from smaller things (removing water molecule in the process)
hydrolysis
Taking apart by adding water
Is a hydrolysis reaction
a synthesis or degradation reaction?
degradation (taking apart)
Describe the difference between a synthesis and degradation reaction.
synthesis- enzymes bring molecules together causing them to react quickly (put together)
degradation- enzymes stress molecular bond causing it to come apart quickly (take apart)
What monomers are used to assemble the protein polymer? Name some
structural proteins.
What monomers are used to assemble enzymes?
amino acids
What type of macromolecule are enzymes?
protein
What do enzymes do for cells?
Enzymes help speed up chemical reactions in the human body that support cell function.
Name two factors that affect the shape of a protein?
heat and pH
Why is the shape of a
protein important?
The shape of a protein allows it to perform its function. Sickle cell anemia is a result of one wrong amino acid in the chain, causing hemoglobin to fold incorrectly. The incorrect shape prevents it from binding oxygen needed by cells.
cofactors
A substance that ensures enzyme catalyzed reactions take place at the appropriate rate. (copper, zinc, iron)
vitamins
molecule that is an essential micronutrient that an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism. (niacin)
coenzymes
organic compounds that facilitate the action of enzymes and can bind temporarily or permanently to an enzyme (B12)
nucleic acid
the 2 nucleic acids, DNA and RNA are information-rich polymers of nucleotides.
nucleotide
building block of nucleic acid… composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
What function do nucleic acids
have?
Nucleic acids hold the instruction for building the amino acid sequences of protein. They tell the cell which proteins to make and how to make them.
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
phosphate, nitrogenous base, sugar
What is DNA?
Polymer made of nucleotide monomers and encodes the instructions for building every protein in the organism.
What does the acronym DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
How many different
nucleotides are used to assemble DNA?
4
Draw a double stranded DNA molecule with the sequence ATCGGACT. Show how many hydrogen bonds hold A-T and C-G together.
List 3 differences between RNA and DNA.
-RNA is single stranded molecule/ DNA is double stranded
-RNA has ribose sugar in nucleotide/ DNA has deoxyribose
-RNA has G, C, A, U/ DNA has G, C, A, T
What is ATP?
-an energy transfer molecule > everything that we do requires ATP
-can store energy that has been released from chemical reactions (stores in phosphate bond) and can release energy when needed for some activity such as muscle activity, active transport
What does the acronym ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
Does ATP or ADP have more energy stored in its bonds?
ATP because it has 3 phosphate groups in contrast to ADP’s 2 phosphate groups
What energy source do heterotrophs use to convert ADP +Pi into ATP?
cellular respiration to convert chemical energy from their food (glucose) into ATP
