Chapter 3

Question 1

simple carbohydrates

Answer 1

monosaccharides, 1 or 2 sugar molecules, taste sweet, clean burning energy (EX: lactose and glucose)

Question 2

complex carbohydrates

Answer 2

polysaccharides, long chains of sugar, taste bland (EX: starch, cellulose, glycogen)

Question 3

What are lipids

Answer 3

Lipids are diverse, hydrophobic compounds composed largely of carbon and hydrogen.

Question 4

Lipid functions

Answer 4

Long-term energy storage
Builds cell membranes
Builds hormones and cholesterol
Oils, waxes, and fats

Question 5

hydrophobic

Answer 5

repelled by water

Question 6

hydrophillic

Answer 6

having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water

Question 7

If you add oil to half a bottle of water, what will happen? Which is hydrophobic and which is hydrophilic?

Question 8

dehydration synthesis

Answer 8

(synthesis reaction) making something bigger from smaller things (removing water molecule in the process)

Question 9

hydrolysis

Answer 9

Taking apart by adding water

Question 10

Is a hydrolysis reaction
a synthesis or degradation reaction?

Answer 10

degradation (taking apart)

Question 11

Describe the difference between a synthesis and degradation reaction.

Answer 11

synthesis- enzymes bring molecules together causing them to react quickly (put together)
degradation- enzymes stress molecular bond causing it to come apart quickly (take apart)

Question 12

What monomers are used to assemble the protein polymer? Name some
structural proteins.

Question 13

What monomers are used to assemble enzymes?

Answer 13

amino acids

Question 14

What type of macromolecule are enzymes?

Answer 14

protein

Question 15

What do enzymes do for cells?

Answer 15

Enzymes help speed up chemical reactions in the human body that support cell function.

Question 16

Name two factors that affect the shape of a protein?

Answer 16

heat and pH

Question 17

Why is the shape of a
protein important?

Answer 17

The shape of a protein allows it to perform its function. Sickle cell anemia is a result of one wrong amino acid in the chain, causing hemoglobin to fold incorrectly. The incorrect shape prevents it from binding oxygen needed by cells.

Question 18

cofactors

Answer 18

A substance that ensures enzyme catalyzed reactions take place at the appropriate rate. (copper, zinc, iron)

Question 19

vitamins

Answer 19

molecule that is an essential micronutrient that an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism. (niacin)

Question 20

coenzymes

Answer 20

organic compounds that facilitate the action of enzymes and can bind temporarily or permanently to an enzyme (B12)

Question 21

nucleic acid

Answer 21

the 2 nucleic acids, DNA and RNA are information-rich polymers of nucleotides.

Question 22

nucleotide

Answer 22

building block of nucleic acid… composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Question 23

What function do nucleic acids
have?

Answer 23

Nucleic acids hold the instruction for building the amino acid sequences of protein. They tell the cell which proteins to make and how to make them.

Question 24

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Answer 24

phosphate, nitrogenous base, sugar

Question 25

What is DNA?

Answer 25

Polymer made of nucleotide monomers and encodes the instructions for building every protein in the organism.

Question 26

What does the acronym DNA stand for?

Answer 26

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 27

How many different
nucleotides are used to assemble DNA?

Answer 27

4

Question 28

Draw a double stranded DNA molecule with the sequence ATCGGACT. Show how many hydrogen bonds hold A-T and C-G together.

Question 29

List 3 differences between RNA and DNA.

Answer 29

-RNA is single stranded molecule/ DNA is double stranded
-RNA has ribose sugar in nucleotide/ DNA has deoxyribose
-RNA has G, C, A, U/ DNA has G, C, A, T

Question 30

What is ATP?

Answer 30

-an energy transfer molecule > everything that we do requires ATP
-can store energy that has been released from chemical reactions (stores in phosphate bond) and can release energy when needed for some activity such as muscle activity, active transport

Question 31

What does the acronym ATP stand for?

Answer 31

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 32

Does ATP or ADP have more energy stored in its bonds?

Answer 32

ATP because it has 3 phosphate groups in contrast to ADP’s 2 phosphate groups

Question 33

What energy source do heterotrophs use to convert ADP +Pi into ATP?

Answer 33

cellular respiration to convert chemical energy from their food (glucose) into ATP