Chapter 3 Flashcards
altrusism
the motivation to help other people, even if it comes at a cost
authoritarian
style of parenting in which parents value obedience, impose forceful imposition of their will on their child, and offer little warmth or affection
authoritative
parenting in which parents maintain consistent boundaries, use reasoning, and control their children within reasonable limits while also offering consistent affection and support for their child
conformity
the degree to which friends are similar to each other in their behaviour, interests, style, and goals and aspirations for the future
effortful control
ability to inhibit an action that is already underway
egocentrism
child’s inability to take another person’s perspective
empathy
sharing of another person’s emotions and feelings
executive function
involves cognitive flexbility, attention, memory, and inhibitory control
fine motor skills
involve the developmental and coordination of the small muscles of the body
gender identity
how a person feels inside; it is one’s personal conception, or feeling, as male or female (or sometimes both or neither)
gender segregation
phenomenon characterized by girls generally preferring to play with other girls and boys tending to play with other boys
goodness of fit
the compatibility between the environment and a child’s temperament
gross motor skills
involve the large muscles of the body and allow for locomotion to occur
hostile aggression
characterized by the intent to harm or injure the victim
identification
a psychological process in which children try to look, act, feel, and be like significant people in their social environment, such as peers and adults
instrumental aggression
directed at achieving a particular goal
morality
principles that determine how people treat one another in regard to justice, the welfare of others, and human rights
mylenation
formation of myelin sheaths that allow for the increase in speed of electrical transmissions between neurons
neglectful or non-conformist
style of parenting in which parents are generally low on warmth and control, and tend to be uninvolved parents
neurons
specialized nerve cells found in the brain
permissive
parenting style in which parents are non-intrusive and lax but are available as resources to their child when needed and offer high levels of warmth
primary sex characteristics
the reproductive organs or gonads (e.g., sperm‐producing testes in males and egg‐producing ovaries in females)
prosocial behaviours
voluntary actions intended to benefit others
puberty
biological process in both males and females that signifies a human’s physical and sexual maturation, as individuals become capable of reproduction
secondary sex characteristics
the outward physiological indicators or traits of sex (e.g., breasts and facial hair) that distinguish males from females; these are not involved in sexual reproduction
self-regulation
ability to control one’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviours
sex (M or F)
label that is assigned at birth based on outward physical characteristics
sex (M or F)
label that is assigned at birth based on outward physical characteristics
socialization
the process by which children learn to behave in a way that is socially acceptable by developing habits, skills, values, and motives that are deemed appropriate by society’s standards
sympathy
emotional component of empathy and involves feeling sorrow or concern for another person
synaptogenesis
process of synapse formation between neurons
