Chapter 2

Question 1

behavioural genetics

Answer 1

separates variability in behavioural traits in to heritability, environment.

Question 2

cross-sectional design

Answer 2

researchers do not sample variables over time; data are collected at one time point

Question 3

developmental milestones

Answer 3

indicators for how an individual has adapted and is functioning in their environmental context

Question 4

developmental psychopathology

Answer 4

the study of the origins and course of individual patterns of behaviour

Question 5

epigenetics

Answer 5

changes in gene expression due to environmental influences

Question 6

equifinality

Answer 6

the idea that many different pathways or early experiences may lead to the same outcome or condition

Question 7

gene-environment interactions

Answer 7

occur when both genes and the environment predict behaviour or other outcomes

Question 8

heterotypic continuity

Answer 8

stability of an underlying construct that is exhibited differentially across development; different disorders predict one another over time

Question 9

homotypic continuity

Answer 9

stability in the same or similar behaviour responses over time; the same disorder predicts itself over time

Question 10

macro factors

Answer 10

neurobiological factors such as genetics, psychophysiology, brain functioning, as well as individual differences in temperament, cognition, and emotional responses

Question 11

molecular genetics

Answer 11

examines specific alleles or genetic markers that are associated with psychopathology

Question 12

multilfinality

Answer 12

how similar early experiences or risk factors lead to different outcomes with multiple levels of analyses

Question 13

pathways

Answer 13

how individuals change and adapt over time and reach different outcomes or pathologies

Question 14

person-centered research designs

Answer 14

examine the effects of risk and protective factors on subgroups of a sample

Question 15

prospective longitudinal research deisigns

Answer 15

follow a sample of individuals across time for multiple time points

Question 16

psychopathology

Answer 16

mental disorders

Question 17

randomized controlled trials

Answer 17

experimental designs where participants are randomized to treatment or control groups

Question 18

reciporcal, transactional models

Answer 18

propose that child’s outcomes are a product of the bidirectional, continuous, dynamic interactions of the child and experiences provided by his or her family and social context

Question 19

resilience

Answer 19

the capacity to avoid diverse outcomes and adapt successfully and completely, despite being at risk or experiencing adversity

Question 20

retrospective design

Answer 20

retrospective studies where subjects are asked to report on prior experiences, such as exposure to life stress, maltreatment, or other life experiences that occurred prior to the current point in time