Chapter 1 Flashcards
abnormal
defined as behaviours, emotions, and cognitions that deviate from the norm and cause distress, impairment in functioning, or endanger an individual or those around them
alternative model for personality disorders (AMPD)
a hybrid (categorial and dimensional) model for diagnosing personality disorders found in section III of the DSM-5
categorical
categorizing things according to a set of criteria
continuum
a way of thinking about a phenomenon as existing on a scale ranging from normal to abnormal
developmental psychopathology
study of psychological or mental disorders from a developmental or lifespan perspective
dichotomous
any two-option choice that an individual or clinician could make about the presence of a symptom of psychopathology or the presence of a diagnosis
differential diagnosis
the process of deciding between two more diagnoses that share similar features
dimensional
an approach to classification of psychopathology that conceptualized psychological phenomenon as existing continuum, ranging from abnormal to normal, and typically avoids categorizing symptoms or disorders according to traditional methods
empirically supported
refers to something that has research-based, scientific evidence in support of its validity
endophenotype
a measurable construct, that is although not observable, links an individual’s genotype and phenotype
etiology
refers to the cause of a symptom or a disorder
factor analysis
a form of statistical analysis that tries to explain the covariation of observable phenomenon by revealing underlying common factors
heterogeneous
means diverse, dissimilar, or not the same
higher-order factors
constructs of factors in a hierarchical statistical or classification model that are “above” other factors at a lower level
mechanisms
processes or characteristics that underlie or cause a psychological symptom
mental (psychological) disorders
behavioural patterns, and cognitive, emotional, and physical symptoms that deviate from a normative developmental trajectory and are not typical of individuals living in the same cultural context
norms
standardized comparison values for the interpretation of an individual’s results on some psychological measure, relative to other people of the same age, gender, etc.
operationalize
means to define what a phenomena, symptom, or construct is and how it should be measured
phenomena
characteristics, circumstances, facts, or events observed through the senses
phenotype
a set of observable characteristics
psychopathology
study of mental disorders
reliability
refers to the consistency of a measure, or the measurement of a symptom or diagnosis, in different instances or under different circumstances
self-report questionnaire
a method of measuring psychological symptoms where individuals complete a survey about their thoughts, feelings, behaviours, and experiences
structured interviews
interviews used by clinicians and researchers to diagnose a psychological disorder; consist of standard instructions, questions, and scoring procedures that are administered to ensure reliability
syndrome
a cluster of symptoms and behaviours that often present together
taxonomy
is an area of scientific study that aims to systematically classify objects, organisms, or phenomena
traits
characteristics of an individual that are relatively stable across time an context
transdiagnostic
a specific symptom or cause of a symptom is not unique to one disorder category but cuts across multiple diagnoses
workgroup
a group of individuals with expertise in a given area assigned to collaborate in order to propose updates for the next DSM
