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Psych 372 Bio PSYCH > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two basic divisions of the nervous system?

A
  • Central nervous system (CNS)

- Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

Where is the central nervous system located?

A
  • Brain

- Spinal cord

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3
Q

What does the central nervous system do?

A

Controls most functions of the body and mind

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4
Q

What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • Somatic nervous system

- Autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

What does the somatic aspect of the peripheral nervous system control?

A
  • Controls voluntary muscles
  • Conveys sensory information to CNS
  • Interacts with the external environment
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6
Q

What does the afferent nerves of the somatic aspect of the peripheral nervous system do?

A
  • Carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears, etc., to the CNS
  • Going towards the CNS; arrive
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7
Q

What does the efferent nerves of the somatic aspect of the peripheral nervous system do?

A
  • Carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles

- Going away from the CNS; exit

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8
Q

What does the autonomic aspect of the peripheral nervous system control?

A
  • Controls involuntary muscles
  • Fight or flight (sympathetic)
  • Rest and digest (parasympathetic)
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9
Q

What is an example of an autonomic aspect of the peripheral nervous system function?

A

Regulating the body’s internal environment

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10
Q

What does the efferent nerves of the autonomic aspect of the peripheral nervous system do?

A
  • Carry motor signals from the CNS to internal organs

- Two types: Sympathetic/parasympathetic

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11
Q

What does the sympathetic efferent nerves of the autonomic aspect of the peripheral nervous system do?

A
  • Fight or flight
  • Energy expanding
  • Fires less since you aren’t in a constant state of fear/nervousness
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12
Q

What does the parasympathetic efferent nerves of the autonomic aspect of the peripheral nervous system do?

A
  • Rest and digest
  • Energy conserving
  • Fires more since you aren’t in a constant state of fear/nervousness
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13
Q

What does the afferent nerves of the autonomic aspect of the peripheral nervous system do?

A

Carry sensory signals from internal organs to the CNS

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14
Q

Which nervous system is more protected than the other?

A

Central nervous system

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15
Q

What makes the CNS better protected than the PNS?

A
  • Mechanical protection: Skull and meninges (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater layers), vertebrae, cerebrospinal fluid (buffer/shock absorber)
  • Immunological protection: Blood-brain barrier
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16
Q

Which nervous system can regenerate while the other cannot?

A

The peripheral nervous system can

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17
Q

How does the PNS regenerate itself?

A
  • Schwann cells form lines and reconnect

- Axons regrow as long as the soma is intact

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18
Q

What is the blood brain barrier (BBB), physically?

A

A highly selective permeable border made of tightly packed cells

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19
Q

What purpose does the blood brain barrier (BBB) serve?

A

Protects the brain from circulating pathogens

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20
Q

Dorsal (posterior)

A

Toward or at the back of the body

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21
Q

Ventral (anterior)

A

Toward or at the front of the body

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22
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

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23
Q

Medial

A

Toward or at the midline of the body

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24
Q

Caudal (inferior)

A

Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body (below)

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25
Q

Rostral

A

Towards the nose/beak

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26
Q

Major parts of a neuron

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cell body
  • Dendrites
  • Axon hillock
  • Axon
  • Myelin
  • Nodes of Ranvier
  • Buttons
  • Synapses
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27
Q

Cell membrane

Cell body

A

The semipermeable membrane that encloses the neuron `

The metabolic center of the neuron; also called the soma

https://quizlet.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240/https://o.quizlet.com/10hETpubs7lb6cmRo7HrjQ.png

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28
Q

Dendrites

A

The short processes emanating from the cell body, which receive most of the synaptic contacts from other neuronshttps://quizlet.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240/https://o.quizlet.com/7PAjP4araS-vTd2JMISgpA.png

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29
Q

Axon hillock

A

https://quizlet.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240/https://o.quizlet.com/LssyLuUXadY9KQFJ-Q1uqA.png

The cone-shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body

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30
Q

Axon

A

The long, narrow process that projects from the cell body

https://quizlet.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240/https://o.quizlet.com/qz7DhQ6rvwddapaNecUCfA.png

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31
Q

Myelin

A

The fatty insulation around many axons

https://quizlet.com/cdncgi/image/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240/https://o.quizlet.com/-hTmdqFMl1mD4Bc5icI-Uw.png

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32
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

The gaps between sections of myelin
https://quizlet.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240/https://o.quizlet.com/i/BnXJgdVzcN0VHJ9UyPMbOA.jpg

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33
Q

Buttons

A

The button-like endings of the axon branches, which release chemicals into synapses
https://quizlet.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240/https://o.quizlet.com/fj7jVAIrV317KWYrkAMDFg.jpg

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34
Q

Synapses

A

The gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted

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35
Q

What are the major types of proteins that are embedded in a neuron’s lipid bilayer membrane?

A
  • Ion channels
  • Receptors
  • Transporters
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36
Q

What is the role of an ion channel that is embedded in a neuron’s lipid bilayer membrane?

A

Regulate cation + / cation - flow in/out of cell

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37
Q

What is the role of a receptor that is embedded in a neuron’s lipid bilayer membrane?

A
  • Neurotransmitters bind to them
  • Signal excitation (+, increase firing)
  • Signal inhibition (-, decrease firing)
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38
Q

What is the role of transporters that are embedded in a neuron’s lipid bilayer membrane?

A
  • Actively move important molecules in/out of the cell

- Ex. Na+ / K+ transporter

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39
Q

Major cations involved with learning/memory and neurotransmitter release

A
  • Na+
  • Ca+
  • K+
  • Mg+
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40
Q

Major anion involved with learning/memory and neurotransmitter release

A

Cl-

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41
Q

What are the 3 glial cells in the CNS

A
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Astrocytes
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42
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • Glial cell in the CNS

- Produce myelin sheath

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43
Q

Microglia

A
  • Glial cell in the CNS
  • Respond to injury/disease
  • Clean up: Trigger inflammation, regulate synapse formation and elimination
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44
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Glial cell in the CNS

- Contribute to the blood brain barrier, regulate blood flow

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45
Q

What glial cell is in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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46
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • Glial cell in PNS

- Produces the myelin sheath and results in direct axonal regrowth after injury

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47
Q

What are the 3 major divisions of the brain?

A
  • Hindbrain
  • Midbrain
  • Forebrain
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48
Q

What is located in the hindbrain?

A
  • Medulla
  • Pons
  • Cerebellum
  • C on picture

the lower bottom bulb
https://quizlet.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240/https://o.quizlet.com/E77GNocnbHTUFYzQ8hDPIg.jpg

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49
Q

What is the main function of the hindbrain?

A

Handles the primitive parts without you realizing it

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50
Q

Medulla

A
  • Part of the hindbrain
  • Autonomic
  • Basic life support functions (breathing, heartbeat, digestion, swallow/cough/vomit)

https://quizlet.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240/https://o.quizlet.com/ZyGCGBey.hj07ILLZIkIww.png

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51
Q

When people OD on opioids it makes it hard for the body to function normally and care for itself. Where do the opioids bind to the neurons?

A

Medulla

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52
Q

Pons

A
  • Soma of “reticular activating” neurons
  • Responsible for wakefulness (Raphe) /alertness (Locus Coeruleus)
    https: //quizlet.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240/https://o.quizlet.com/i/EXf9yYMp9t-SBDQ91La1jw.jpg
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53
Q

Locus coeruleus

A
  • Used in the pons
  • Keeps individuals alert
  • Norepinephrine releasing
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54
Q

Raphe

A
  • Used in the pons
  • Sleep/wake cycle
  • 5-HT-releasing
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55
Q

A drug that induces (heightens) the levels of locus coeruleus and raphe in the pons would result in:

A

Insomnia

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56
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Part of the hindbrain
  • Motor coordination/balance (execution of learned motor sequences, largely unconscious during execution)
  • Practice develops circuitry in the cerebellum

https://quizlet.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240/https://o.quizlet.com/i/UThMspZSrLby3t3AffDRlQ.jpg

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57
Q

What could result from a tiny stroke in the cerebellum?

A
  • Loss of coordination for well known movements

- An individual losing the ability to stand/walk correctly

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58
Q

E.B. has a tumor growing in his brain. Although he has been an excellent salsa dancer for many years, he is having more and more trouble getting the timing and sequence (pattern) of the steps right. Where is the tumor most likely to
be located?

A

Cerebellum

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59
Q

What 3 nuclei are located in the midbrain?

A
  • Periaqueductal gray (PAG)
  • Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
  • Substantia nigra

https://quizlet.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240/https://o.quizlet.com/i/_z5nil5ZNTJMQY5rNRw-kQ.jpg

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60
Q

Superior colliculus

A
  • Part of the midbrain/tectum
  • Visual coordination of movement
  • When you see something odd it makes you want to look at it
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61
Q

Inferior colliculus

A
  • Part of the midbrain/tectum
  • Sound localization; auditory coordination of movement
  • When you hear a loud boom it will make you look
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62
Q

Periaqueductal gray (PAG)

A
  • Part of the midbrain/tegmentum
  • Pain modulation/control area of the brain
  • Opioids bind here and disinhibit it
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63
Q

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

A
  • Part of the midbrain/tegmentum
  • Pleasure/motivated behavior
  • Major dopamine creating/releasing
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64
Q

Someone who doesn’t want to do anything and experiences little enjoyment most likely has something wrong with their:

A

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

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65
Q

Substantia nigra

A
  • Part of the midbrain/tegmentum
  • Speed of movement
  • Dopamine releasing
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66
Q

What neuron does Parkinson’s disease affect?

A

Substantia nigra

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67
Q

What is located in the forebrain?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Basal ganglia
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
  • Cerebrum (4 lobes)
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68
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Part of the forebrain
  • Sensory motor “relay/coordinating station”
  • Wanting to move right big toe
    https: //quizlet.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240/https://o.quizlet.com/i/9LpNFxx7gGvkTHCSAR6srw.jpg
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69
Q

What can damage to the thalamus result in?

A
  • Movement disorders

- Lack of movement

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70
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Part of the forebrain
  • 4F’s: Feeding, fornication, fight, flight
  • Sympathetic nervous system activation starts here

https://quizlet.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240/https://o.quizlet.com/i/Y3mTjRl8riW1i_WhuKad_g.jpg

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71
Q

What can damage to the hypothalamus result in?

A

Disruptions in body temperature regulation, growth, weight, emotions

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72
Q

Basal ganglia

A
  • Part of the forebrain

- Habitual movement

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73
Q

Examples of basal ganglia movements

A
  • Swatting away a fly
  • OCD
  • Having a tick
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74
Q

Example of a hypothalamus function

A

Waking up hot (past normal time of waking up) and wanting to throw off blankets

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75
Q

What disease affects the basal ganglia?

A
  • Huntington’s disease
  • Uncontrolled movement caused by deterioration of this brain area
  • Arms don’t stop moving, ultimately develop dementia
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76
Q

Amygdala

A
  • Part of forebrain

- Emotions (particularly fear and anger)

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77
Q

What would damage to the amygdala cause?

A

Emotional sensitivity

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78
Q

L.C. has become increasingly aggressive over the past few months, often getting into fights after very little provocation. What part of L.C.’s brain may be malfunctioning?

A

Amygdala

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79
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • Part of the forebrain

- Learning/memory

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80
Q

Example of damage to the hippocampus

A
  • H.M.

- They took part of this brain area out and cured his epilepsy, but he was incapable of learning new things

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81
Q

P.D. recently started taking medication to control epilepsy. Unfortunately, she now finds that she really struggles with coursework; she is spending even more time studying but often has trouble remembering much of what she read the night before? The medication is probably impairing what part of P.D. ‘s brain?

A

Hippocampus

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82
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum

A
  • Occipital lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Temporal lobe
  • Frontal lobe
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83
Q

Occipital lobe

A
  • Part of the cerebrum/forebrain
  • Simple visual perception
    https: //quizlet.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240/https://o.quizlet.com/i/ehDxA0XIi8DjVCjfjOOTKw.jpg
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84
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • Part of the cerebrum/forebrain
  • Somatosensory perception (anterior)
  • Complex visual perception (posterior)
    https: //quizlet.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240/https://o.quizlet.com/i/YWxDyVaVV_vWGLnHSdkrvw.jpg
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85
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • Part of the cerebrum/forebrain
  • Complex visual perception
  • Auditory perception

https://quizlet.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240/https://o.quizlet.com/i/AMdWUGVzFidEqnmJc2awgA.jpg

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86
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  • Part of the cerebrum/forebrain
  • Decision making/reasoning: Prefrontal cortex (anterior)
  • Planning/control on conscious movement: Motor cortex (posterior)
    https: //quizlet.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240/https://o.quizlet.com/i/72yUllxlOwzlWEEIl7szlQ.jpg
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87
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe do?

A

Decision making/reasoning

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88
Q

What does the motor cortex of the frontal lobe do?

A

Planning/control on conscious movement

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89
Q

What might damage to the cerebrum result in?

A
  • Personality disorders

- Loss of senses

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90
Q

S.L. & E.G. each swallow a pill. A half hour later a friend asks them if they want to go to College Hill party, a movie, or stay home. They simply cannot make a decision; they’re having trouble holding all options in mind at the same time. What part of their brains have probably been affected by the pill?

A

Prefrontal cortex

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91
Q

Homunculus arrangement

A

https://quizlet.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240/https://o.quizlet.com/Ex-Tyi0d44b.7TqfQJddbw.png

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92
Q

Motor and sensory systems are said to be mostly “crossed over” - what does this mean?

A
  • Primary motor cortex axons → crossover at medulla → controls muscles on the other side of the body
  • Somatosensory neurons on one side of body axons → crossover in spinal cord → ascent to thalamus, somatosensory cortex on the other side of the brain
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93
Q

What neurons almost completely crossover to the other side of the brain?

A
  • Visual neurons

- Auditory neurons

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94
Q

If a stroke affects the left side of the body, then the stroke most likely occurred on the __ hemisphere of the brain

A

Right

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95
Q

The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.

A

central

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96
Q

Twelve pairs of ________________ project from the brain.

A

cranial nerves

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97
Q

________ nerves stimulate, organize, and mobilize energy resources in threatening situations.

A

Sympathetic

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98
Q

________ is continuously produced by the choroid plexuses.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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99
Q

The ________ blocks the entry of many large molecules into brain tissue from the circulatory system.

A

blood–brain barrier

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100
Q

The neuron cell membrane is composed of a:

A

lipid bilayer.

101
Q

____________ proteins are proteins through which certain molecules can pass.

A

Channel

102
Q

A neuron with two processes extending from its cell body is classified as a:

A

bipolar neuron.

103
Q

Myelin sheaths are produced by _______________ in the central nervous system and by ________________ in the peripheral nervous system.

A

oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells

104
Q

One difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes is that Schwann cells:

A

constitute a single myelin segment, whereas oligodendrocytes constitute multiple segments.

105
Q

The __________________ stain will invade only a few neurons in each slice of tissue and color each invaded neuron entirely black.

A

Golgi

106
Q

____________ dyes are often used to estimate the number of cell bodies in an area.

A

Nissl

107
Q

_______________ tracing methods are used to trace the paths of axons projecting away from cell bodies located in a particular area.

A

Anterograde

108
Q

Posterior is to caudal as _______________ is to rostral.

A

anterior

109
Q

____________ means closer to the CNS, whereas _______ means farther from the CNS.

A

Proximal; distal

110
Q

With respect to the spinal cord, gray matter is to _____ as white matter is to ______.

A

cell bodies; axons

111
Q

The pons and the cerebellum make up the:

A

metencephalon.

112
Q

The cerebellum is BEST described as playing a role in ______ functions.

A

both sensorimotor and cognitive

113
Q

In the developing brain, the _________________ is anterior to the diencephalon.

A

telencephalon

114
Q

Which brain structure is thought to play a role in the rewarding effects of addictive drugs and other reinforcers?

A

nucleus accumbens

115
Q

The ____________________ nervous system is the part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment. It is composed of __________ nerves that carry sensory signals to the central nervous system and _________ nerves that carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles.

A

somatic; afferent; efferent

116
Q

The degree to which therapeutic or recreational drugs can influence brain activity depends on the ease with which they penetrate the:

A

blood–brain barrier.

117
Q

Neurons with a short axon or no axon at all are called:

A

interneurons.

118
Q

_____________ are glial cells that respond to injury or disease by multiplying, and then engulfing cellular debris or even entire cells.

A

Microglia

119
Q

_____________________ methods are used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting into a particular area.

A

Retrograde tracing

120
Q

Superior is to inferior as _____ is to _____.

A

top; bottom

121
Q

____________ matter is composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons.

A

Gray

122
Q

Pairs of spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord at _________ different levels of the spine.

A

31

123
Q

Dorsal root axons are sensory unipolar neurons with their cell bodies grouped together just outside the cord to form the dorsal:

A

root ganglia.

124
Q

There are three swellings that occur at the anterior end of a fluid-filled tube in the developing embryo. These three swellings eventually develop into the adult:

A

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.

125
Q

With respect to the adult human brain, which choice accurately locates one of the major divisions reviewed in the text?

A

metencephalon – hindbrain

126
Q

In humans and in other higher vertebrates, the ____________ undergoes the MOST growth during development.

A

telencephalon

127
Q

The myelencephalon is commonly referred to as the:

A

medulla.

128
Q

The _________________ is an area of cortex that is not neocortex—it has only three layers.

A

hippocampus

129
Q

________________ are large multipolar neurons with pyramid-shaped cell bodies.

A

Pyramidal cells

130
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the surface of the back of a vertebrate or toward the top of the head.

131
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

The portion of the nervous system within the skull and spine.

132
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

The portion of the nervous system outside the skull and spine.

133
Q

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that interacts with the external environment.

134
Q

Afferent nerves

A

Nerves that carry sensory signals to the central nervous system.

135
Q

Efferent nerves

A

Nerves that carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles or internal organs.

136
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that participates in the regulation of the body’s internal environment.

137
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

Those motor nerves of the autonomic nervous system that project from the central nervous system in the lumbar and thoracic region areas of the spinal cord.

138
Q

Parasympathetic nerves

A

Those autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain to the sacral region of the spinal cord.

139
Q

Cranial nerves

A

The 12 pairs of nerves extending from the brain (e.g., optic nerves, olfactory nerves, and vagus nerves).

140
Q

Glial cells

A

Several classes of nonneural cells of the nervous system.

141
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Glial cells that myelinate axons of the central nervous system; also known as oligodendroglia.

142
Q

Myelin

A

A fatty insulating substance.

143
Q

Myelin sheaths

A

Coverings on the axons of some neurons that are rich in myelin and increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction.

144
Q

Schwann cells

A

The glial cells that compose the myelin sheaths of PNS axons and promote the regeneration of PNS axons.

145
Q

Microglia

A

Glial cells that respond to injury or disease by engulfing cellular debris and triggering inflammatory responses.

146
Q

Astrocytes

A

Large, star-shaped glial cells that play multiple roles in the central nervous system.

147
Q

Golgi stain

A

A neural stain that completely darkens a few of the neurons in each slice of tissue, thereby revealing their silhouettes.

148
Q

Nissl stain

A

A neural stain that has an affinity for structures in neuron cell bodies.

149
Q

Electron microscopy

A

A microscopy technique used to study the fine details of cellular structure.

150
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the nose end of a vertebrate.

151
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the tail end of a vertebrate or toward the back of the head.

152
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the surface of the back of a vertebrate or toward the top of the head.

153
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the chest surface of a vertebrate or toward the bottom of the head.

154
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline of the body.

155
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body of a vertebrate, toward the body’s lateral surfaces.

156
Q

Superior

A

Toward the top of the primate head.

157
Q

Inferior

A

Toward the bottom of the primate head or brain.

158
Q

Proximal

A

Close to something.

159
Q

Distal

A

Far from something.

160
Q

Horizontal sections

A

Any slices of brain tissue cut in a plane that are parallel to the top of the brain.

161
Q

Frontal sections

A

Any slices of brain tissue cut in a plane that is parallel to the face; also termed coronal sections.

162
Q

Sagittal sections

A

Any slices of brain tissue cut in a plane that is parallel to the side of the brain.

163
Q

Cross section

A

Section cut at a right angle to any long, narrow structure of the central nervous system.

164
Q

Gray matter

A

Portions of the nervous system that are gray because they are composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons.

165
Q

White matter

A

Portions of the nervous system that are white because they are composed largely of myelinated axons.

166
Q

Dorsal horns

A

The two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter.

167
Q

Meninges

A

The three protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (singular meninx).

168
Q

Dura mater

A

The tough outer meninx.

169
Q

Arachnoid membrane

A

The meninx that is located between the dura mater and the pia mater and has the appearance of a gauzelike spiderweb.

170
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

The space beneath the arachnoid membrane, which contains many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid.

171
Q

Pia mater

A

The delicate, innermost meninx.

172
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

The fluid that fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal, and the cerebral ventricles.

173
Q

Central canal

A

The small cerebrospinal fluid-filled channel that runs the length of the spinal cord.

174
Q

Cerebral ventricles

A

The four cerebrospinal fluid-filled internal chambers of the brain: the two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle.

175
Q

Choroid plexuses

A

The networks of capillaries that protrude into the ventricles from the pia mater and produce cerebrospinal fluid.

176
Q

Blood–brain barrier

A

The networks of capillaries that protrude into the ventricles from the pia mater and produce cerebrospinal fluid.

177
Q

Ventral horns

A

The two ventral arms of the spinal gray matter.

178
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

Structures just outside the spinal cord that are composed of the cell bodies of dorsal root axons.

179
Q

Brain stem

A

The part of the brain on which the cerebral hemispheres rest; in general, it regulates reflex activities that are critical for survival (e.g., heart rate and respiration).

180
Q

Myelencephalon (medulla)

A

The most posterior of the five major divisions of the brain; the medulla.

181
Q

Metencephalon

A

One of the five major divisions of the brain; it includes the pons and cerebellum.

182
Q

Pons

A

The metencephalic structure that creates a bulge on the ventral surface of the brain stem.

183
Q

Cerebellum

A

A metencephalic structure that is thought to participate in the storage of memories of learned sensorimotor skills.

184
Q

Mesencephalon

A

One of the five major divisions of the brain; it is composed of the tectum and tegmentum.

185
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

The structures of the tectum that receive auditory input from the superior olives.

186
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Two of the four nuclei that compose the tectum; they receive major visual input.

187
Q

Tegmentum

A

The ventral division of the mesencephalon; it includes part of the reticular formation, substantia nigra, and red nucleus.

188
Q

Periaqueductal gray

A

The gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct, which contains opiate receptors and activates a descending analgesia circuit.

189
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

A narrow channel that connects the third and fourth ventricles.

190
Q

Substantia nigra

A

The midbrain nucleus whose neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum of the basal ganglia; it is part of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system.

191
Q

Red nucleus

A

A structure of the sensorimotor system that is located in the tegmentum of the mesencephalon.

192
Q

Diencephalon

A

One of the five major divisions of the brain; it is composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus.

193
Q

Thalamus

A

The large two-lobed diencephalic structure that constitutes the anterior end of the brain stem; many of its nuclei are sensory relay nuclei that project to the cortex.

194
Q

Massa intermedia

A

The neural structure located in the third ventricle that connects the two lobes of the thalamus.

195
Q

Sensory relay nuclei

A

Those nuclei of the thalamus whose main function is to relay sensory signals to the appropriate areas of cortex.

196
Q

Lateral geniculate nuclei

A

The six-layered thalamic structures that receive input from the retinas and transmit their output to the primary visual cortex.

197
Q

Medial geniculate nuclei

A

The auditory thalamic nuclei that receive input from the inferior colliculi and project to primary auditory cortex.

198
Q

Ventral posterior nuclei

A

A thalamic relay nucleus in both the somatosensory and gustatory systems.

199
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The diencephalic structure that sits just below the anterior portion of the thalamus.

200
Q

Pituitary gland

A

The gland that dangles from, and is controlled by, the hypothalamus.

201
Q

Optic chiasm

A

The X-shaped structure on the inferior surface of the diencephalon; the point where the optic nerves decussate.

202
Q

Decussate

A

To cross over to the other side of the brain.

203
Q

Contralateral

A

Projecting from one side of the body to the other.

204
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body.

205
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

The pair of spherical nuclei that are located on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus.

206
Q

Telencephalon

A

The most superior of the brain’s five major divisions.

207
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The layer of neural tissue covering the cerebral hemispheres of humans and other mammals.

208
Q

Neurons

A

Cells of the nervous system that are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals.

209
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

A neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body.

210
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

A neuron with one process extending from its cell body.

211
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

A neuron with two processes extending from its cell body.

212
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons with short axons or no axons at all, whose function is to integrate neural activity within a single brain structure.

213
Q

Nuclei

A

The DNA-containing structures of cells; also, clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system (singular nucleus).

214
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (singular ganglion).

215
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of axons in the central nervous system.

216
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system.

217
Q

Fissures

A

The large furrows in a convoluted cortex.

218
Q

Sulci

A

Small furrows in a convoluted cortex.

219
Q

Gyri

A

The cortical ridges that are located between fissures or sulci.

220
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

The large fissure that separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

221
Q

Cerebral commissures

A

Tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

222
Q

Corpus callosum

A

The largest cerebral commissure.

223
Q

Central fissure

A

The large fissure that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

224
Q

Lateral fissure

A

The large fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe.

225
Q

Frontal lobe

A

The most anterior of the four cerebral lobes.

226
Q

Parietal lobe

A

One of the four cerebral lobes; it is located just posterior to the central fissure.

227
Q

Temporal lobe

A

One of the four major cerebral lobes; it lies adjacent to the temples and contains the hippocampus and amygdala.

228
Q

Occipital lobe

A

The most posterior of the four cerebral lobes; its function is primarily visual.

229
Q

Precentral gyri

A

The gyrus located just anterior to the central fissure; its function is primarily motor.

230
Q

Postcentral gyri

A

The gyrus located just posterior to the central fissure; its function is primarily somatosensory.

231
Q

Superior temporal gyri

A

The plural of superior temporal gyrus.

232
Q

Neocortex

A

Six-layered cerebral cortex of relatively recent evolution; it constitutes 90 percent of human cerebral cortex.

233
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

Large multipolar cortical neurons with a pyramid-shaped cell body, an apical dendrite, and a very long axon.

234
Q

Stellate cells

A

Small star-shaped cortical interneurons.

235
Q

Columnar organization

A

The functional organization of the neocortex in vertical columns; the cells in each column form a mini-circuit that performs a single function.

236
Q

Hippocampus

A

A structure of the medial temporal lobes that plays a role in various forms of memory.

237
Q

Limbic system

A

A collection of interconnected nuclei and tracts that ring the thalamus.

238
Q

Amygdala

A

A structure in the anterior temporal lobe, just anterior to the hippocampus; plays a role in emotion.

239
Q

Cingulate cortex

A

The cortex of the cingulate gyri, which are located on the medial surfaces of the frontal lobes.

240
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

Large gyri located on the medial surfaces of the frontal lobes, just superior to the corpus callosum.

241
Q

Fornix

A

The major tract of the limbic system; it connects the hippocampus with the septum and mammillary bodies.

242
Q

Septum

A

A midline nucleus of the limbic system, located near the anterior tip of the cingulate cortex.

243
Q

Basal ganglia

A

A collection of subcortical nuclei (e.g., striatum and globus pallidus).

244
Q

Caudate

A

The tail-like structure that is part of the striatum.

245
Q

Putamen

A

A structure that is joined to the caudate by a series of fiber bridges; together the putamen and caudate compose the striatum.

246
Q

Striatum

A

A structure of the basal ganglia that is the terminal of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway.

247
Q

Globus pallidus

A

A structure of the basal ganglia that is located between the putamen and thalamus.

248
Q

Blood–brain barrier

A

The mechanism that impedes the passage of toxic substances from the blood into the brain.

Psych 372 Bio PSYCH (14 decks)

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