Chapter 298 HCVD Flashcards
Among adults, diastolic blood pressure also increases progressively with age until ~55 years, after which it tends to ______.
Decrease
defined as any one of the following:
- systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg,
- diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg
- taking antihypertensive medications).
Hypertension
The likelihood of hypertension increases with age, and among individuals age ≥60, the prevalence is ____
65.4%.
has been estimated that ___% of hypertensives are >20% overweight.
60%
Family studies controlling for a common environment indicate that blood pressure heritabilities are in the range ____
15–35%.
In twin studies, heritability estimates of blood pressure are ~
60% for males and 30–40% for females.
High blood pressure before age 55 occurs _____ more frequently among persons with a positive family history of hyperten- sion.
3.8 times
is thought to be associated with increased renal tubular absorption of sodium, and vari- ants of this gene may be associated with hypertension and salt sensitivity of blood pressure.
alpha-adducin gene
salt-retaining hormone
mineralocorticoid
are located on postsynaptic cells in smooth muscle and elicit vasoconstriction.
α1 Receptors
are localized on presynaptic membranes of postganglionic nerve terminals that synthesize norepinephrine.
A2 Receptors
When activated by catecholamines, act as negative feedback controllers, inhibiting further norepinephrine release.
α2 receptors
Activation of myocardial ______ stimulates the rate and strength of cardiac contraction and consequently increases cardiac output.
β1 receptors
Activation of _____ receptors by epinephrine relaxes vascular smooth muscle and results in vasodilation.
β2 receptors
orthostatic hypotension frequently is observed in patients with ______, possibly due to the lack of norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction with assumption of the upright posture.
pheochromocytoma
