chapter 29

Question 1

describe the nuremberg trials?

Answer 1

the 4 allied powers- the soviet union, united states, britain, and france- tried and sentenced 22 of the highest ranking Nazi military and civilian leaders who had survived the war. they were charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity. 12 were sentenced to death

Question 2

who were the “big 3” at the teheran confrence?

Answer 2

Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill

Question 3

At the yalta confrence, who held the strongest position and why?

Answer 3

Soviet Union because they had liberated most of the Eastern front, while america was nowhere near close. The Soviet Union was closest to berlin

Question 4

what agreements were made at yalta concerning german, poland, and eastern europe?

Answer 4

the allies would occupy different zones of germany, and the soviet union would get war reparations. soviet union would permanently incorporate the eastern polish territories its army had occupied at the start of the war. the eastern european governments were to be freely elected but pro-russian

Question 5

at potsdam what did stalin and truman disagree on?

Answer 5

harry truman demanded immediate free elections throughout e. europe and stalin refused point blank

Question 6

in may 1945 what action did truman take against the soviet union?

Answer 6

truman abruptly cut off all aid to the ailing soviet union. in october he declared that the united states would never recognize any government established by force against the free will of its people

Question 7

who coined the term “iron curtain”?

Answer 7

winston churchill

Question 8

describe the truman doctrine*?

Answer 8

america’s policy geared to containing communism to those countries already under soviet control (containment)

Question 9

describe the marshall plan?

Answer 9

american plan for providing economic aid to all of western europe to help it rebuild (the east was offered economic aid but stalin refused to let them accept it)

Question 10

what was COMECON?

Answer 10

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) an economic organization of communist states meant to help rebuild e. europe under soviet auspices

Question 11

in june 1948, how did the western allies violate the peace accords? how did the soviets retaliate?

Answer 11

western allies replaced the currency in West Germany and West Berlin, and Stalin blocked all traffic through the soviet zone of germany into berlin (blockade; so western allies issue around the clock flights to deliver supplies to germany until blockade was removed)

Question 12

what was NATO? what was the WARSAW PACT?

Answer 12

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), an anti-soviet military alliance of western governments. Warsaw Pact- Soviet backed military alliances of all eastern european nations

Question 13

what cold war event happened in 1953?

Answer 13

beginning of the Korean War

Question 14

what is “big science”?

Answer 14

by combining theoretical work with sophisticated engineering in a large organization, Big Science could tackle extremely difficult problems

Question 15

Who were christian democrats?

Answer 15

center right wing parties that rose to power in western europe after WWII

Question 16

the bretton woods agreement established what 2 things?*

Answer 16

linked western currencies to the US dollar and established the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to facilitate free markets and world trade

Question 17

what was the european coal and steel community? what countries belonged?

Answer 17

special international organization to control and integrate all of european steel and coal production. West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, France all belonged. (lower tariffs; countries part of european union)

Question 18

the 6 countries above signed the Treaty of Rome* in 1957 creating?

Answer 18

The Common Market – the european economic community, created by the 6 western european nations in 1957 as part of a larger search for european unity

Question 19

what were the 2 goals of the common market?

Answer 19

• a gradual reduction of all tariffs among the 6 countries in order to create a single market almost as large as that of the US
• the free movement of capital and labor and common economic policies and institutions(like zollverein)

Question 20

in 1959 what were 2 actions taken by French President DeGaulle?*

Answer 20

he withdrew all french military forces from what he called an “american controlled” NATO, developed france’s own nuclear weapons, and vetoed the scheduled advent of majority rule within the common market

Question 21

what were the cold war rammifications of the consumer revolution?

Answer 21

as the % of income spent on neccessities such as housing and food declined, near full employment and high wages meant that more europeans could buy more things than before (politicians in both E and W claimed that their respective systems could best provide citizens with ample consumer goods)

Question 22

what was Comenform?

Answer 22

communist information bureau; an international organization dedicated to maintaining russian control over communist parties abroad, in western as well as eastern europe

Question 23

what communist leader/country was able to remain sumewhat independent from soviet domination?

Answer 23

joseph broz tito; yugoslavia

Question 24

how was collectivization different in poland?

Answer 24

tolerated the existence of private agriculture, hoping to maintain stability in the large and potentially rebellious country

Question 25

what was de-stalinization?

Answer 25

the liberalization of the post-stalin soviet union led by Nikita Krushchev

Question 26

identify: boris pasternak and aleksandr solzhenitsyn

Answer 26

Pasternak: poet, wrote doctor zhivago, challenged communism

Solzhenitsyn- one day in the life of ivan denisivich, stalinist concentration camp

Question 27

how did krushchev change soviet foreign policy?

Answer 27

de-stalinized, “peaceful coexistence” with capitalism was possible and great wars were not inevitable

Question 28

what did krushchev agree to about austria?

Answer 28

real independence for a neutral austria after 10 years of allied occupation

Question 29

what happened in hungary in 1956?

Answer 29

a revolution, Imre Nagy was elected prime minister

Question 30

what action did krushchev take in 1961 in berlin?

Answer 30

build a wall between east and west germany

Question 31

what action in cuba?

Answer 31

cuban missle crisis

Question 32

who became the soviet leader after kruschehv? how did he change the policy of krushchev?

Answer 32

leonid brezhnhev, arms buildup, looked to stalin and his goodpoints

Question 33

explain decolonization?

Answer 33

the postwar reversal of europe’s overseas expansion caused by the rising demand of the colonized peoples themselves, the declining power of european nations, and the freedoms promised by the US and Soviet ideals

Question 34

what 3 demand were made by non-western peoples in decolonization?

Answer 34

national self-determination, racial equality, personal dignity

Question 35

what is nonalignment?

Answer 35

policy of postcolonial governments to remain neutral in cold war and play both the US and Soviet Union for what they could get

Question 36

who was Ho Chi Minh?

Answer 36

gurerilla leader who defeated the french army in 1954 and was supported by the soviet union and china

Question 37

who was mohandas ghandi?

Answer 37

british educated lawyer who built a mass movement preaching nonviolent “noncooperation” with the british. in 1935 ghandi wrested from the British a new, liberal constitution that was practically a blueprint for independence

Question 38

who was mao zedung?

Answer 38

leader of chinese communists supprted by stalin. by winning the support of the peasantry by promising to expropriate the holdings of the big landowners, the toughter, better-organized communists firced the guomindang to withdraw to the island of taiwan in 1949

Question 39

what happened when the british decided to leave palestine?

Answer 39

UN voted in a nonbinding resolution to divide the territory into an arab and a jewish state. satte of isreal founded in 1948. palestinians and the surrounding arab nations viewed the jewish independence as a betrayal of their own interests, and they attacked the jewish state

Question 40

what happened in the belgian congo in 1960?

Answer 40

belgians announced the congo would be independent 6 months later. lumumba was chosen as prime minister but new government unprepared and fell

Question 41

describe the algerian war?

Answer 41

muslim rebels, inspired by islamic fundamentalism and communism established Natioanl Liberation Front and revolted against french colonialism in 1950s. french army sent 400,000 troops to crush the NLF and revolt

Question 42

what were guest worker programs?

Answer 42

government run programs in western europe designed to recruit labor for the booming postwar economy.

Question 43

after WWII what 3 major forces helped women searching for jobs?

Answer 43

• the economy boomed from 1950-1973 and created strong demand for labor
• economy continued shift away from old-male dominated heavy industries to dynamic white-collar service industries in which women had always worked such as the government, education, trade, and health care
• young western women shared fully in postwar education revolution and could take advantage of the growing need for officeworkers and well trained professionals