Chapter 29

Question 1

Land plants evolved from

Answer 1

algae
Salt water to fresh water.
Single spp of freshwater gave rise to terrestrial (Charophytes)
Green algae: chlorophytes never made it to land

Question 2

Streptophytes

Answer 2

Lumping term of charophytes (Protist) + Land plants

Question 3

Preventing H2O Loss
Problems of growing on land

Answer 3

Waxy cuticle
Stoma/Stomata
With high UV increased chance of mutation. Plants carried 2 copies of each gene, now bodies are diploid. Selection pressure forces to grow on land

Question 4

Alternation of generations

Answer 4

Alternate between haploid and diploid portions of life cycle

Question 5

Haplodipontic

Answer 5

Having multicellular diploid and haploid stages. All land plants are haplodipontic.

Question 6

Gametophyte

Answer 6

Formed from mitosis of single cell spores. Haploid structure created to house gametes. Multicellular creates gametes. Gametophyte produces gametangia. Fusion of gametes creates zygote and sporophyte

Question 7

Sporophyte

Answer 7

Diploid structure through meiosis produces spores (Not gametes). Sporophyte produces sporangia, which produces spores. Spores eventually produce gametophytes.

Question 8

Gametangia

Answer 8

Is an organ or cell in which gametes are produced (Same with multi-celled protists and fungi). (Male) Antheridium and (Female) Archegonium

Question 9

Antheridium vs Archegonium

Answer 9

Antheridium - Male, develops sperm cells with sterile cells on the exterior.
Archegonium - Female, Eggs with sterile cells surrounding eggs.
Both arise by MITOTIC division of haploid tissue

Question 10

Dominant Generation

Answer 10

Spends the most time and is the larger part of the organism.
Relative sizes of haploid and diploid generations vary among different plant groups. Early land plants haploid was dominant but with evolution diploid became dominant.

Question 11

Chlorophytes VS Charophytes

Answer 11

Chlorophytes never made it to land
Charophytes sister to all land plants

Question 11

Tracheids

Answer 11

Xylem and phloem. Vascularized tissue for moving water and food. Transport cells

Question 12

Non Vascular plants
Characteristics

Answer 12

Bryophytes
Liverworts (Phylum Hepaticophyta), Mosses (Phylum Bryophyta), Hornworts (Phylum Anthocerotophyta)
No phloem, xylem. Short cannot move against gravity
Gametophytes is dominant generation. (Does photosynthesis)
Sporophyte is dependent to gametophyte (attached to) (Water moves sperm to egg)
Found in all terrestrial environments, prefers moist areas. Prefer areas where they can dominate since they can’t compete for light. Osmosis dependent, diffusion for nutrients.

Question 13

Phylum Hepaticophyta

Answer 13

Liverworts
20% Lobed, 80% leafy and sort of look leafy and moss like. Some have air chambers for photosynthetic cells having a pore at the top for gas exchange. No stomata, pores are always open. Single celled rhizoids aid in reabsorption of nutrients and anchoring, no roots. Haploid leaf gametophytes (Not true leaf)

Question 14

Phylum Bryophyta

Answer 14

Mosses
Typically consist of small leaf like photosynthetic structures, no true leaves, no vascular tissues. Leaves do photosynthesis, generally flattened blade 1 cell thick and slightly thick midrib. Do have stomata on sporophyte capsule. Rhizoids in center of moss. Mosses in Arctic, Antarctic abundant most diverse in tropics, sensitive to pollution

Question 15

Seta
Rhizoid
Foot
Capsule
Sperm

Answer 15

Seta - Sporophyte attachment (Stem like)
Rhizoid - Single cell for reabsorption of nutrients and anchoring (Root like)
Foot - Attachment of sporophyte seta to gametophyte
Capsule - Contains spores after broken.
Sperm - need water for movement

Question 16

Phylum Anthocerotophyta

Answer 16

Hornworts
Likely earliest land plants but difficult to tell
Sister group to Tracheophytes (Have vasculature)
Sporophytes similar to vascular plant sporophytes
Sporophytes: look like horns rising out of gametophytes, get nutrition from gametophyte, Stomata and photosynthetic, meiosis occurs within horn and spores released along whole length.
Symbiotic with cyanobacteria (Nitrogen)

Question 17

Seedless vascular plants

Answer 17

Tracheophytes
Sporophyte is dominant generation and gametophytes are very small
Have vascular tissue in sporophyte generation (Xylem/phloem)
Most are homosporous (Spores same size) (Heterosporous = different size spores)

Question 18

Xylem
Phloem
Lignin

Answer 18

Water = Xylem
Nutrients = Phloem
Lignin - Ring like structure that causes strength and rigidity, produces wood

Question 19

Lycophyll origins
Euphyll origins

Answer 19

Lycophyll - Stem with vascular tissue has single branching and branch flattens out to form leaf (Microphyll - one vein)
Euphyll - Branching stems with vascular tissue has unequal branching. Photosynthetic “webs” form between branches and become leaf (Megaophyll- multiple veins)

Question 20

Tracheophytes 3 clades

Answer 20

Lycophytes (Club moss), Pterophytes (ferns and relatives), and seed plants

Question 21

Lycophytes

Answer 21

Club mosses.
Most species produce spores in cones (Strobili)
Some spp produce spores in sporania.
Small Leaves unbranched veins. Small tree look, tropics and moist temperate. Fossilized were very large, responsible for large quantities of fossil fuels

Question 22

Sporophylls

Answer 22

Leafs that support sporangia. Common in Lycophytes. Strobili are clusters of highly modified sporophylls.

Question 23

Monilophytes (Phylum Monilophyta)

Answer 23

Ferns and relatives (Horsetails, whisk ferns)
Early vascularized plants, 12,000 spp mostly ferns.
Older Pteridophytes.

Question 24

Whisk Ferns

Answer 24

Phylum Monilophyta
Lack roots and leaves. Even forking of green stems. Some have tiny slaps of leaf like tissues, others have appendages that may look leaf like. Gametophyte symbiosis with fungi to acquire nutrients. Dichotomous branching and forked stem. Spores produced in sporangia

Question 25

Horsetails

Answer 25

Phylum Monilophyta. Class Equisetopsia, Single genus Equisetum
Ribbed, jointed photosynthetic stems that arise from branching underground rhizomes with roots at their nodes (nodules). Haploid spores produced in cones (Sporophylls) carried by air current, land on ground and germinate into photosynthetic gametophytes. Young sporophytes dependent upon gametophyte until produces photosynthetic tissue (then become dominant gen.). Highly reduced leaves (microphylls). Jointed stems hollow with silica deposited. Used to be large 475 MYA. Underground stem (Rhizome)

Question 26

True Ferns

Answer 26

Phylum Monilophyta
Diploid dominant generation.
Blade - leafy part
Petiole - stem
Frond - stem and leaf
Rhizome - meters long for asexual reproduction
Male and female found on underside of gametangia.
Ferns produce spores in sporangia grouped together into sori (Sorus) on underside. Some sterile.F

Question 27

Fiddlehead ferns

Answer 27

Coil and uncoil
Unroll and expand
Sporophyte generation.