Ch 54

Question 1

Short term coping mechanisms

Answer 1

Physiological responses - Internal Sweating, drop leaves, more RBC in high elevation
Morphological capabilities - Fur coats in winter or summer
Behavioral responses - Basking in sun

Question 2

Allen’s Rule

Answer 2

Mammals from colder climates have shorter ears and limbs to reduce surface area and heat loss.

Question 3

Populations
3 characteristics of population ecology

Answer 3

Group of individuals in 1 place and time.
1 Population range
2 Pattern of spacing (dispersion)
3 Size change through time

Question 4

Spacing patterns

Answer 4

Random spacing - individuals do not interact strongly with one another; not common in nature
Uniform spacing - behavioral interactions, resource competition (nesting, defend territory)
Clumped spacing - uneven distribution of resources, common in nature (Herds, packs, schooling. Positive social interaction)

Question 5

Metapopulations
Source-sink metapopulations

Answer 5

Occur in areas where suitable habitat is patchily distributed and separated by intervening stretches of unsuitable habitat. Dispersers, may become locally extinct and bottle necks
Source - good areas and sends out dispersers to poor areas (sinks)
Sinks take in pops but don’t produce much, can become locally extinct

Question 6

Demography

Answer 6

Quantitative study of populations
Whole pop.
Cohorts - population broken down into smaller groupings

Question 7

Generation times

Answer 7

Average interval between birth on an individual and birth of its offspring.

Question 8

Fecundity

Answer 8

Number of offspring produced in a standard time

Question 9

Survivorship

Answer 9

% of original pop that survives to given age.
Type 1 (Human) - high survival rate
Type 2 (Hydra) - Even drop (straight line). Even mortality rate at all ages.
Type 3 (oysters) - Low young survival rate, those that survive live long time

Question 10

Life history

Answer 10

Complete life cycle of organism.

Question 11

Semelparity

Answer 11

Produce many offspring in a single large reproductive event and then die (Annuals, some insects)

Question 12

Iteroparity

Answer 12

Produce offspring several times over many seasons. Usually long lived.

Question 13

Modeling r= (b-d) + (i-e)

Answer 13

r - rate of pop increase
b - birth rate
d - death rate
i - immigration
e - emigration

Question 14

Biotic potential vs Logistic growth

Answer 14

Biotic - no limits
Logistic - involves what happens when a pop reaches K

Question 15

Density dependent
Density independent

Answer 15

Dependent - biotic factors that affect pop depending on pop size. Increase may lead to less reproduction or deaths. Negative feedback (disease, competition, predation, waste accumulation)
Independent - abiotic factors Physical, chem, weather, nat disasters, pollution. Mortality regardless of density

Question 16

Allee effect

Answer 16

Positive feedback. Higher pop size increases reproduction or survival. Schooling, herding.

Question 17

K-selected vs r-selected populations

Answer 17

K = Adapted to thrive when pop is near K. Wait longer to reproduce so they can grow larger and strong, produce fewer larger offspring. Late reproduction
r = Favors individuals with high reproductive rates. Pop low below K, reproduction costs are low.