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Physical Science > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

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1
Q

a layer extending an average of 12km above Earth’s surface is called a what?

A

troposphere

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2
Q

when air temperature increases with altitude and the air becomes stable

A

temperature inversion

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3
Q

a natural process in which certain gases in the atmosphere warm a planet as they absorb and emit infared radiation

A

the greenhouse effect

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4
Q

how are the atmospheric layers divided?

A

the difference in composition and texture

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5
Q

what gas makes up the majority of the atmosphere?

A

nitrogen; 78%

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6
Q

which gas is the second most abundant gas in the atmosphere?

A

oxygen; 21%

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7
Q

what is the remaining 1% in the atmosphere made up of?

A

trace gases (the majority is Argon)

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8
Q

within the troposphere, does temperature increase of decrease with altitude?

A

it decreases

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9
Q

how many layers are there in the atmosphere?

A

five

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10
Q

what are the names of the layers? (closest to farthest from the surface of Earth)

A

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere

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11
Q

which layer is the ozone layer found in?

A

the statosphere

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12
Q

within the stratosphere, does temperature increase or decrease with altitude?

A

it increases

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13
Q

within the mesosphere, does temperature increase or decrease with altitude?

A

the lower mesosphere decreases, the higher mesosphere increases

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14
Q

do the thermosphere and the exosphere effect weather?

A

no lol

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15
Q

where does 100% of solar radiation come from?

A

the sun

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16
Q

what percent of solar radiation is absorbed by Earth’s surface?

A

50%

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17
Q

what percent of solar radiation is reflected off of Earth’s surface?

A

5%

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18
Q

what percent of solar radiation is absorbed by particles in the atmosphere?

A

20%

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19
Q

what percent of solar radiation is reflected back by clouds and other particles?

A

25%

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20
Q

what are the three cloud types?

A

stratus, cumulus, and cirrus

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21
Q

explain stratus clouds

A

layered, sheet-like clouds associated with rain

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22
Q

explain cumulus clouds

A

puffy in shape and occur in fair weather

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23
Q

explain cirrus clouds

A

wispy, high altitude

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24
Q

what is the process in which water leaves the atmosphere and eventually comes back to Earth?

A

the water cycle

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25
Q

what are the stages in the water cycle?

A

precipitation, runoff, infiltration, transpiration, evaportation, and condensation

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26
Q

a narrow band of fast-moving, high-altitude air

A

jet stream

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27
Q

the apparent deflection of an object due to Earth’s rotation

A

coriolis effect

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28
Q

a large volume of air with uniform moisture and temperature throughout

A

air mass

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29
Q

what are the zones in which air masses interact called?

A

weather fronts

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30
Q

how many jet streams are there in the world?

A

four

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31
Q

how many pressure systems are there? what are they?

A

two, the low and high pressure system

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32
Q

what are low pressure systems also known as?

A

a low

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33
Q

which direction does a low rotate?

A

counter clockwise

34
Q

what are some results of a low pressure system?

A

air rises, causing cloud formation and precipitation

35
Q

what is a high pressure system known as?

A

a high

36
Q

which direction does a high pressure systen rotate?

A

clockwise

37
Q

what is a result of a high pressure system?

A

air sinks, resulting in clear skies

38
Q

what the four weather fronts?

A

cold, warm, stationary, and occluded

39
Q

how are cold fronts created?

A

when cold air forces cold air upward in a fast and chaotic manner

40
Q

how are cold fronts represented in weather forecasts?

A

with blue triangles

41
Q

how are warm fronts created?

A

when warm air gently rises above cool air?

42
Q

how are warm fronts represented in weather forecasts?

A

with red semi-circles

43
Q

how are stationary fronts created?

A

when cold and warm air masses meet and neither front advances

44
Q

how are stationary fronts represented in weather forecasts?

A

a combination of alternating red semicircles and blue triangles on bottom and top

45
Q

how are occluded fronts formed?

A

when a fast moving cold front overtakes a slow warm front

46
Q

how are occluded fronts represented in weather forecasts?

A

alternating purple semicircles and triangles on top

47
Q

a climate that is strongly affected by an ocean

A

a maritime climate

48
Q

a climate that is not directly affected by an ocean

A

a continental climate

49
Q

what blows from over the water toward land in the after noon, when the land is warmer than the water

A

a sea breeze

50
Q

what is climate?

A

the long term average of weather conditions

51
Q

what is weather?

A

the day to day tempereatures, rain, snow, etc, that describe the day

52
Q

what are the five spheres that make up earth’s system?

A

atmosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and the biosphere

53
Q

what is the atmosphere?

A

the air around us

54
Q

what is the biosphere

A

everything organic

55
Q

what is the hydrosphere?

A

liquid water

56
Q

what is the cryosphere?

A

frozen water in snow, ice, and glaciers

57
Q

what is the lithosphere?

A

Earth’s outermost layer

58
Q

what is the primary factor that influences climate at any given location?

A

latitude

59
Q

where is solar radiation most intense on earth’s surface?

A

the equator

60
Q

at what angle do the sun rays hit the tropical zones on earth?

A

90 degrees

61
Q

at which angle do sun rays hit earth in the temperate zones?

A

45 degrees

62
Q

what angle do the sun rays hit the polar zones on earth?

A

30 degrees

63
Q

which zone is lamar, colorado located in?

A

temperate zone

64
Q

what other factors determine climate?

A

precipitation, mountains, and water

65
Q

what is the windward side conditions like?

A

the air is cool and wet, and lots of vegetation

66
Q

what are the conditions like on the leeward side?

A

the air is dry and warm, and there is little to no vegetation

67
Q

what is it called when the wind blows from the land to the water at night?

A

a land breeze

68
Q

which climate zone and which type of vegetation does lamar, colorado have?

A

the climate zone is warm and semi arid, and the vegetation is grassland

69
Q

an increase in in the average temperatures of earth’s near-surface air and ocean is called what?

A

global warming

70
Q

the warming of the Pacific Ocean off the coast of western South America that occurs every 3 to 10 years is called what?

A

el nino

71
Q

when trade winds in the Pacific are unusaully strong and surface water is colder than normal

A

la nina

72
Q

what are two changes that earth’s climate unndergo?

A

seasonal and longterm changes

73
Q

how do seasonal changes occur?

A

how earth revolves around the sun

74
Q

which hemisphere experieces summer?

A

the hemisphere that is tiltes towards the sun

75
Q

what was the period called when earth’s surface was covered in a sheet of ice?

A

ice age

76
Q

how long ago did the world’s climate reach its currect pattert?

A

about 3000 years ago

77
Q

what are some factors that can cause climate change?

A

a change in earth’s tilt, a change in earth’s orbit shape, and a change of distance from the earth to the sun

78
Q

how can humans impact climate change?

A

energy comsumption, deforestation, and industrial and agricultural practices

79
Q

what is deforestation?

A

the clearing of large areas of forest land

80
Q

how does deforestation affect climate?

A

it takes away trees that turn carbon dioxide into oxygen

Physical Science (6 decks)

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