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Physical Science > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earth’s surface

A

weathering

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2
Q

a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life

A

soil

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3
Q

the removal of surface material through the process of weahtering

A

erosion

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4
Q

the process in which erosional agents such as, water, ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another as rocks weather

A

sediment transport

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5
Q

when erosional agents slow down (in the case of water, wind, or gravity) or melts (in the case of glaciers), it drops this sediment load

A

deposition

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6
Q

the land area that gathers water for a major river

A

drainage basin

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7
Q

the movement of water parallel to the shoreline

A

longshore current

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8
Q

do rocks weather at the same rate?

A

no

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9
Q

what are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

rock type and landscape

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10
Q

what are the two types of weathering?

A

mechanical and chemical weathering

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11
Q

what type of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

physical changes

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12
Q

what type of change happens with chemical weathering?

A

chemical changes

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13
Q

what causes frost wedging?

A

when water collects in the cracks of a rock, then freezes

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14
Q

what is the cycle called during frost wedging?

A

freeze-thaw cycle

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15
Q

what causes biological activity?

A

plant and animal activity

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16
Q

what causes weathering during collisions?

A

when rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers

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17
Q

what is parent material?

A

what soil is formed from

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18
Q

what are the two types of chemical weathering caused by?

A

oxygen and water

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19
Q

what is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen?

A

oxidation

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20
Q

what is the chemical process called that is caused by water?

A

hydrolysis

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21
Q

what are the soil horizons?

A

the different layers of soil

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22
Q

how many soil horizons are there?

A

there are six

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23
Q

true or false, all soils contain every soil horizon?

A

false

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24
Q

what are the specific soil horizons?

A

O, A, E, B, C, R

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25
Q

what does the first soil horizon contain?

A

organic material

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26
Q

what is the second horizon mostly made up of?

A

mostly minerals

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27
Q

which layer does leaching occur?

A

layer E

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28
Q

which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?

A

layer B

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29
Q

which layer is partially weathered bedrock?

A

layer C

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30
Q

which layer is unweathered bedrock?

A

layer R

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31
Q

which soils horizons make up the topsoil?

A

layers O and A

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32
Q

which soil horizons make up the subsoil?

A

layers E and B

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33
Q

which soil horizons make up the true soil?

A

layers O, A, E, and B

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34
Q

what is the difference between weathering and erosion?

A

weathering breaks down material, while erosion is the removal of surface material

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35
Q

if the slope of a river, what happens to the speed of the river?

A

it decreases

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36
Q

what are tributaries?

A

small streams that flow into larger rivers

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37
Q

what is a drainage basin?

A

land area that gathers water for a major river

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38
Q

what is a drainage divide?

A

a boundary that seperates distinct drainage basins

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39
Q

what are channels?

A

the creation of water eroding Earth’s surface, under the influence of gravity

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40
Q

young rivers are ______ due to the fast movement

A

v-shaped

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41
Q

what are mature rivers?

A

wide, smooth and gentle slopes

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42
Q

when rivers floos and drop their sediment load, what type of landform is created?

A

a flood plain

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43
Q

what is a fan shaped sediment deposit that forms at the mouth of a river?

A

a delta

44
Q

what are the branching channels off of a delta?

A

distributaries

45
Q

what landform forms where the mouth of a river or stream enters dry land?

A

alluvial fans

46
Q

what are the two types of glaciers?

A

valley and continental glaciers

47
Q

where do valley glaciers form?

A

they form in high, mountainous regions

48
Q

where do continental glaciers form?

A

they form in colder climates, and occupy large land areas

49
Q

where are the two continental glaciers located?

A

one is in greenland and the other in antartica

50
Q

what is a cirque?

A

a bowl shaped basin

51
Q

what is an arete?

A

they form where two adjacent valley glaciers meet and erode a long, sharp ridgeline

52
Q

what is a horn in a mountainous region?

A

the sharpened peaks

53
Q

what shape of valley do valley glaciers form?

A

u shaped valleys

54
Q

what are tributary glaciers?

A

small glaciers that feed into large glaciers

55
Q

what type of valleys do tributary glaciers form?

A

hanging valleys

56
Q

which side of a sand dune does erosion occur?

A

on the windward side of a dune

57
Q

which side of a sand dune does deposition occur?

A

on the leeward side

58
Q

what is the deflation?

A

the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind

59
Q

what is desert pavement?

A

the remaining surface of when small particles are removed

60
Q

what factors do the shape and size of landforms depend on?

A

wind speed, amount of time the wind blows, and sediment supply

61
Q

as wind speed is decreases, what is deposited?

A

sediment

62
Q

what are three landforms that are shaped due to wave erosion?

A

coastal cliffs, sea stacks, and sea arches

63
Q

what are two landforms created by wave deposition?

A

sand bars and sand spits

64
Q

what are sandbars?

A

landforms that are parallel to the shorline

65
Q

what are sand spits?

A

same thing as sand bars, but they curve back to the land

66
Q

what can cause mass wasting?

A

snow, heavy rains, earthquakes, or human activity

67
Q

what are some mass wasting examples?

A

rock slides, mudflows, landslides

68
Q

the process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

A

infiltration

69
Q

the upper boundary of the saturated zone

A

water table

70
Q

a rock unit that can transfer water through its poor space

A

aquifer

71
Q

the percentage of a material’s total volume that is pore space

A

porosity

72
Q

the process of assigning an exact numeral age to an organism, an object, or an event

A

absolute dating

73
Q

the process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time

A

relative dating

74
Q

states that the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past

A

uniformitarianism

75
Q

states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and the oldest rocks will be at the bottom

A

principle of superposition

76
Q

gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occured, or deposition was absent

A

unconformities

77
Q

the reamains or traces of organisms found in the geological rock record

A

fossils

78
Q

what percentage of water on Earth is salt water?

A

97%

79
Q

what percentage if water on Earth is freshwater?

A

3%

80
Q

where is the majority of freshwater found?

A

in glaciers

81
Q

where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found?

A

in lakes, rivers, and underground water

82
Q

what is precipitation?

A

when water vapor in the air cools and condenses to form a liquid water or crystals. Ex: rain, snow, sleet, and hail

83
Q

what is runoff?

A

water running off the land surface

84
Q

what is infiltration?

A

the process by which water enters the Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

85
Q

what is transpiration?

A

when plants release water vapor into the atmospere through their leaves

86
Q

what is evaporation?

A

when water enters the atmosphere as water vapor

87
Q

what is condensation?

A

when water vapor collides with other water vapor molecules to form water droplets. eventually, the water droplets are heavy enough to fall as precipitation

88
Q

what is the water cycle?

A

when water on the land goes into the atmosphere, gets heated up and turned into water vapor, then returns to the land

89
Q

what is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage?

A

a porous area where water easily passes through

90
Q

what is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?

A

beneath the unsaturated zone, where water completely fills the pore space

91
Q

what is a water table?

A

the upper boundary of the saturated zone

92
Q

what does it mean if sediment is permeable?

A

the more permeable the material is, the easier water can infiltrate through the ground

93
Q

what is an aquifer?

A

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

94
Q

what is the name of the Great Plains Aquifer?

A

Ogallala Aquifer

95
Q

how many states does the Great Plains Aquifer run through?

A

eight states

96
Q

what are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifer runs through?

A

South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas

97
Q

what is an aquitard?

A

an impearable layer that confines water

98
Q

how are water springs formed?

A

where the water table naturally meets the Earth’s surface

99
Q

what is an artesian well?

A

when an aquifer is sandwiched between aquitards

100
Q

what is a cone of depression?

A

the direction that water flows down towards a well

101
Q

the process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, an object, or an event

A

absolute dating

102
Q

the process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time

A

relative dating

103
Q

states that the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past

A

uniformitarianism

104
Q

states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rock will be at the top and the oldest rocks will be at the bottom

A

principle of superposition

105
Q

gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occured or deposition was absent

A

unconformity

106
Q

the remains or traces of organisms found in the geological rock record

A

fossils

Physical Science (6 decks)

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