Chapter 26

Question 1

a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a crystalline form

Answer 1

mineral

Question 2

the color of a mineral in powdered form

Answer 2

streak

Question 3

when a mineral breaks along preferred planes of weakness creating sets of smooth parallel sides, it has what?

Answer 3

cleavage

Question 4

minerals that break with irregular surfaces exhibit what?

Answer 4

fracture

Question 5

the physical property that measures a mineral’s resistance to scratching

Answer 5

hardness

Question 6

molten rock material inside Earth

Answer 6

magma

Question 7

what are the three ways a mineral can form?

Answer 7

hot water, molten rock, and evaporation

Question 8

a mineral is _____, _____, and _____?

Answer 8

naturally occuring, an inorganic solid, and has a crystalline form

Question 9

what are the two most abundant elemants that make up Earth’s crust?

Answer 9

silicon and oxygen

Question 10

what does inorganic mean?

Answer 10

that minerals are materials that are not living

Question 11

what does the arrangement of an atom and the bonds between them reflect about a mineral?

Answer 11

it reflects the way a mineral breaks, how hard it is, and the crystal shape it has

Question 12

what are all of the ways to identify minerals?

Answer 12

luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, atomic arrangement, hardness, and crystal shape

Question 13

what are the two types of luster?

Answer 13

metallic and nonmetallic

Question 14

how does metallic luster reflect light?

Answer 14

very easily, and like a metal surface

Question 15

how does nonmetallic luster reflect light?

Answer 15

shines like glass or appears earthy or waxy

Question 16

how do you preform a streak test?

Answer 16

by rubbing a mineral on an unglazed white porcelain tile

Question 17

what are the two types of breakage that can happen to minerals?

Answer 17

fracture and cleavage

Question 18

what is the name of the scale that measures the hardness of a mineral?

Answer 18

the Mohs Scale of Hardness

Question 19

what is the number range on the Mohs Scale of Hardness?

Answer 19

one through 10

Question 20

how many different crystal shape systems are there?

Answer 20

there are six

Question 21

minerals grow from the ____?

Answer 21

surface of Earth

Question 22

what are the three ways minerals can form?

Answer 22

hot water, molten rock, and evaporation

Question 23

what are the two mineral groups?

Answer 23

silicates and nonsilicates

Question 24

which mineral group is the most abundant in Earth’s crust?

Answer 24

silicates

Question 25

what elements are Silicates made up of?

Answer 25

oxygen and silicon

Question 26

non-silicates do not contain what element?

Answer 26

silicon

Question 27

what mineral is used to make glass?

Answer 27

quartz

Question 28

Define rock

Answer 28

a naturally formed mixture containing minerals, rock fragments, and volcanic glass

Question 29

how are rocks identified?

Answer 29

by their composition and texture

Question 30

what does the texture of a rock describe about a rock?

Answer 30

the rock's size, shape, and arrangement of the rock's components

Question 31

where do intrusive igneous rocks form?

Answer 31

molten rock material that cools and crystallizes either underground or on Earth's surface

Question 32

what type of molten rock do intrusive igneous rocks form from?

Answer 32

late forming, less dense minerals like potassium, feldspar, and quartz

Question 33

what is the name of the series that illustrates simultaneous crystallization of silicate minerals?

Answer 33

Bowen's Reaction Series

Question 34

what are the three types of magma?

Answer 34

mafic, intermediate, and felsic

Question 35

which magma type has a low silica content?

Answer 35

mafic

Question 36

which magma type has a high silica content?

Answer 36

felsic

Question 37

which type of crust has an abundent amount of quartz? (oceanic or continental)

Answer 37

continental

Question 38

which type of crust has little to no quartz? (oceanic or continental)

Answer 38

oceanic

Question 39

which type of igneous rock has a coarse grained texture?

Answer 39

intrusive igneous rocks

Question 40

which type of igneous rock has a fine grained texture?

Answer 40

extrusive igneous rocks

Question 41

do fine grained rocks cool slowly or quickly?

Answer 41

quickly

Question 42

what are the two specific texture types for extrusive igneous rocks? (this answer was our weekly question for Tuesday)

Answer 42

vesicular texture and porphyritic texture

Question 43

which texture type is the type with holes left behing because of rapid cooling?

Answer 43

vesicular texture

Question 44

which texture is the type with two different crystal sizes because of different cooling rates?

Answer 44

porphyritic texture

Question 45

what type of rock has a vesicular (holey) texture?

Answer 45

pumice

Question 46

Define clasts

Answer 46

small rock and mineral fragments

Question 47

what type of erosion are rocks on Earth's surface exposed to?

Answer 47

water, wind, and other forces

Question 48

what does it mean if clasts are being transported?

Answer 48

they often become rounded before being departed

Question 49

what does it mean if clasts are being deposited?

Answer 49

they are being transported to a new location

Question 50

Define pore space

Answer 50

the empty space in between the grains is called pore space

Question 51

Define compaction

Answer 51

the process by which clasts stick together due to the weight of overlaying material

Question 52

Define cementation

Answer 52

the process in which minerals precipitate slowly out a water solution and crystallize in the spaces between clasts

Question 53

how are sedimentary rocks formed?

Answer 53

most of the time both compaction and cementation work together

Question 54

what is another name for clasts?

Answer 54

detritus

Question 55

what are sedimentary rocks called that are mostly made of clasts?

Answer 55

detrital sedimentary rocks

Question 56

what is the decreasing size of clasts?

Answer 56

gravel, sand, silt, and clay/mud

Question 57

which clast size would be deposited first?

Answer 57

gravel

Question 58

what are the four common detrital sedimentary rocks?

Answer 58

conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and shale

Question 59

how are the chemical sedimentary rocks formed?

Answer 59

from water that contains dissolved solids

Question 60

if sedimentary rocks contain remains of living organisms what are they called?

Answer 60

biochemical sedimentary rocks

Question 61

what are the two common biochemical sedimentary rocks?

Answer 61

coal and limestone

Question 62

what are the three types of sedimentary rock?

Answer 62

biochemical, chemical, and detrital

Question 63

metamorphic rock is changed by a combination of which three things?

Answer 63

heat, pressure, and chemical reactions

Question 64

which types of rocks can be changed by metamorphasism?

Answer 64

any igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks

Question 65

what is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over large areas?

Answer 65

regional metamorphism

Question 66

what is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over small areas?

Answer 66

contact metamorphism

Question 67

when shale is compressed, which type of metamorphic rock is created?

Answer 67

slate

Question 68

what are the two types of metamorphic rock textures?

Answer 68

foliated and nonfoliated

Question 69

define foliated texture

Answer 69

a texture that have crystals that are arranged in layers and bands

Question 70

define nonfoliated texture

Answer 70

a texture with crystals with more random orientations

Question 71

metamorphic rocks are mainly classified based on which two things?

Answer 71

texture and composition

Question 72

define rock cycle

Answer 72

the continual changing of rocks from one type to another

Question 73

which types of rocks are part of the rock cycle?

Answer 73

igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks

Question 74

what are the three types of rocks?

Answer 74

igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary

Question 75

which type of rocks form from molten rock?

Answer 75

igneous rocks

Question 76

what types of rocks are formed from clasts, precipitation, or compressed once living matter?

Answer 76

sedimentary rocks

Question 77

which types of rocks are formed from heat, pressure, and chemical reactions?

Answer 77

metamorphic rocks

Question 78

what can form from hot water, evaporation, or molten rock?

Answer 78

minerals