chapter 27.1 and 27.2 Flashcards
weathering
is the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earths surface
soil
is a mixture of weathered rock,organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life
erosion
is the removal of surface material through the process of weathering
sediment transport
when rocks weather, erosional agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another in a process
deposition
when the eroisional agent slows down or melts it drops this sediment load in a process
drainage basin
the land area that gathers water for a major river
longshore current
the movement of water parallel to the shoreline
Do rocks weather at the same rate?
NO
What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?
- rock type
- landscape
What are the two types of weathering?
- Mechanical Weathering
- Chemical Weathering
What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?
physical changes
What types of change happens with chemical weathering?
Chemical changes
What are 3 specific types of mechanical weathering?
- frost wedging
- biological activity
- collisions
What causes frost wedging?
when water collects in the cracks of a rock and then freezes
What is the cycle called during frost wedging?
Freeze Thaw Cycles
What causes biological activity?
plant and animal activity
What causes weathering during collisions?
when rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers
What is parent material?
where soil forms from
What are soil horizons?
are the different layers of soil
How many soil horizons are there?
there can be up to 6
True or False. All soils contain every soil horizon.
False
What are the specific soil horizons?
- O
- A
- E
- B
- C
- R
What does the first soil horizon contain?
O- organic material
What is the second horizon mostly made up of?
A- mostly minerals
Which layer does leaching occur?
E- finer sediment, lets more soluble materials go deeper, known as leaching
Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?
B- collects materials from above
Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?
C- partially weathered bedrock
Which layer is unweathered bedrock?
R- unweathered bedrock
Which soil horizon makeup the topsoil?
- O
- A
Which soil horizon make up the subsoil?
- E
- B
What are the two types of chemical weathering?
- Oxygen
- Water
What are chemical changes due to oxygen?
the process chemical reaction is called oxidation
Ex: rust
What are chemical changes due to water?
the process chemical reaction is called hydrolysis
Which horizons make up the true horizons
- O
- A
- E
- B
whats the difference between weathering and erosion?
weathering is the breakdown
erosion removal of the surface material
what happens to the speed of the river if the slope decreases?
what are small streams that flow into large rivers called?
tributaries
what is there land area called that gathers water for a major river ?
drainage basin
what boundary that separates distinct drainage basins called
drainage divide
when water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earths surface creating what?
channels
young rivers create what shape?
V- shaped
what rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes?
mature
when rivers flood and drop their sediment load what is created?
food plains
what are the fan shape sediment deposits that format the mouth of the river?
deltas
what are the branching channels called created by deltas?
distributaries
what forms where the mouth of a river or stream enters?
alluvial fans
What are the two types of glaciers?
- valley glaciers
- continental glaciers
Where do valley glaciers form?
in high mountain regions
Where do continental glaciers form?
large land areas in colder climates
Where are the two continental glaciers located?
- Greenland
- Antarctica
What are cirques?
bowl shaped basins
How does a arete form?
form where 2 adjacent valley glaciers meet and erode a long, sharp ridgeline
What is a horn within a mountain region?
sharpened peaks
What shapes of valley glaciers make?
u shaped valleys
What is a tributary glacier?
small glaciers that feed into the large glaceriers
what type of valleys do tributary glaciers create?
hanging valleys
On which side of the dunes does erosion occur?
windward side
On which side of the dune does deposition occur?
leeward side
what is it called when the removal all small particles by wind leaving heavier particles behind?
deflation
When small particles are removed,the remaining surface is called?
desert pavement
what do the shapes and sizes of land forms due to wing depend on?
- wind speed
- amount of time the wind blows
- sediment supply
What are some land forms created by wave erosion?
- coastal cliffs
- see arches
- sea stacks
What are two examples of wave deposition?
- sand bars
- sand spits
What is a sand bar?
land forms that are parallel to the shoreline
what are sand spits?
sand bars that extend into the water from land and curve back toward land in a hook shape
what can cause mass wasting?
snow, heavy rains, earthquakes, and human activity
what are some examples of mass wasting?
- rock slides
- mudflows
- landslides
