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Physical Science > chapter 27.1 and 27.2 > Flashcards

chapter 27.1 and 27.2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

weathering

A

is the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earths surface

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2
Q

soil

A

is a mixture of weathered rock,organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life

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3
Q

erosion

A

is the removal of surface material through the process of weathering

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4
Q

sediment transport

A

when rocks weather, erosional agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another in a process

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5
Q

deposition

A

when the eroisional agent slows down or melts it drops this sediment load in a process

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6
Q

drainage basin

A

the land area that gathers water for a major river

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7
Q

longshore current

A

the movement of water parallel to the shoreline

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8
Q

Do rocks weather at the same rate?

A

NO

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9
Q

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A
  • rock type

- landscape

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10
Q

What are the two types of weathering?

A
  • Mechanical Weathering

- Chemical Weathering

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11
Q

What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

physical changes

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12
Q

What types of change happens with chemical weathering?

A

Chemical changes

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13
Q

What are 3 specific types of mechanical weathering?

A
  • frost wedging
  • biological activity
  • collisions
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14
Q

What causes frost wedging?

A

when water collects in the cracks of a rock and then freezes

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15
Q

What is the cycle called during frost wedging?

A

Freeze Thaw Cycles

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16
Q

What causes biological activity?

A

plant and animal activity

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17
Q

What causes weathering during collisions?

A

when rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers

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18
Q

What is parent material?

A

where soil forms from

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19
Q

What are soil horizons?

A

are the different layers of soil

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20
Q

How many soil horizons are there?

A

there can be up to 6

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21
Q

True or False. All soils contain every soil horizon.

A

False

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22
Q

What are the specific soil horizons?

A
  • O
  • A
  • E
  • B
  • C
  • R
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23
Q

What does the first soil horizon contain?

A

O- organic material

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24
Q

What is the second horizon mostly made up of?

A

A- mostly minerals

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25
Q

Which layer does leaching occur?

A

E- finer sediment, lets more soluble materials go deeper, known as leaching

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26
Q

Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?

A

B- collects materials from above

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27
Q

Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?

A

C- partially weathered bedrock

28
Q

Which layer is unweathered bedrock?

A

R- unweathered bedrock

29
Q

Which soil horizon makeup the topsoil?

A
  • O

- A

30
Q

Which soil horizon make up the subsoil?

A
  • E

- B

31
Q

What are the two types of chemical weathering?

A
  • Oxygen

- Water

32
Q

What are chemical changes due to oxygen?

A

the process chemical reaction is called oxidation

Ex: rust

33
Q

What are chemical changes due to water?

A

the process chemical reaction is called hydrolysis

34
Q

Which horizons make up the true horizons

A
  • O
  • A
  • E
  • B
35
Q

whats the difference between weathering and erosion?

A

weathering is the breakdown

erosion removal of the surface material

36
Q

what happens to the speed of the river if the slope decreases?

A
37
Q

what are small streams that flow into large rivers called?

A

tributaries

38
Q

what is there land area called that gathers water for a major river ?

A

drainage basin

39
Q

what boundary that separates distinct drainage basins called

A

drainage divide

40
Q

when water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earths surface creating what?

A

channels

41
Q

young rivers create what shape?

A

V- shaped

42
Q

what rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes?

A

mature

43
Q

when rivers flood and drop their sediment load what is created?

A

food plains

44
Q

what are the fan shape sediment deposits that format the mouth of the river?

A

deltas

45
Q

what are the branching channels called created by deltas?

A

distributaries

46
Q

what forms where the mouth of a river or stream enters?

A

alluvial fans

47
Q

What are the two types of glaciers?

A
  • valley glaciers

- continental glaciers

48
Q

Where do valley glaciers form?

A

in high mountain regions

49
Q

Where do continental glaciers form?

A

large land areas in colder climates

50
Q

Where are the two continental glaciers located?

A
  • Greenland

- Antarctica

51
Q

What are cirques?

A

bowl shaped basins

52
Q

How does a arete form?

A

form where 2 adjacent valley glaciers meet and erode a long, sharp ridgeline

53
Q

What is a horn within a mountain region?

A

sharpened peaks

54
Q

What shapes of valley glaciers make?

A

u shaped valleys

55
Q

What is a tributary glacier?

A

small glaciers that feed into the large glaceriers

56
Q

what type of valleys do tributary glaciers create?

A

hanging valleys

57
Q

On which side of the dunes does erosion occur?

A

windward side

58
Q

On which side of the dune does deposition occur?

A

leeward side

59
Q

what is it called when the removal all small particles by wind leaving heavier particles behind?

A

deflation

60
Q

When small particles are removed,the remaining surface is called?

A

desert pavement

61
Q

what do the shapes and sizes of land forms due to wing depend on?

A
  • wind speed
  • amount of time the wind blows
  • sediment supply
62
Q

What are some land forms created by wave erosion?

A
  • coastal cliffs
  • see arches
  • sea stacks
63
Q

What are two examples of wave deposition?

A
  • sand bars

- sand spits

64
Q

What is a sand bar?

A

land forms that are parallel to the shoreline

65
Q

what are sand spits?

A

sand bars that extend into the water from land and curve back toward land in a hook shape

66
Q

what can cause mass wasting?

A

snow, heavy rains, earthquakes, and human activity

67
Q

what are some examples of mass wasting?

A
  • rock slides
  • mudflows
  • landslides

Physical Science (16 decks)

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