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Bio 202 > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nervous systems receive _______, ______ it, and then _____

A
  1. Sensory Input
  2. Interpret it
  3. Send out appropriate commands
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2
Q

CNS:

A

Central Nervous Systems

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3
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

PNS stands for?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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5
Q

is the PNS inside or outside of the CNS?

A

Outside

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6
Q

Sensory Neurons:

A

signals from sensory receptors to the CNS

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7
Q

Interneurons

A

located entirely in the CNS, integrate information

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8
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Convey signals to effector cells

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9
Q

Integration

A

involves the interpreting and responding to sensory output

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10
Q

______ convey signals to effector cells

A

Motor neurons

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11
Q

______________ send signals from sensory receptors to the CNS

A

Sensory Neurons

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12
Q

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the _______________.

A

central and peripheral nervous systems

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13
Q

________ are the functional units of nervous systems

A

Neurons

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14
Q

Dendrites:

A

Receive Signals

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15
Q

Axons:

A

Send signals

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16
Q

Myelin:

A

Insulates axon for faster signal transmission

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17
Q

Stimulus occurs

A

in skin

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18
Q

response occurs

A

in muscles

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19
Q

stimulus changes the

A

membrane’s voltage

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20
Q

Membrane voltage is the:

A

energy of plasma membrane.

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21
Q

Membrane voltage depends on the:

A

charge difference between inside and outside of cell

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22
Q

Action Potentials are _____

A

self propagated in a one way chain reaction along a neuron

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23
Q

Action Potential is caused by a _____

A

strong stimulus

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24
Q

Action potential allows ______:

A

one cell to communicate with the next cell in the circuit

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25
Q

Neurons communicate at _____

A

synapses

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26
Q

Synapses are:

A

junctions where signals cross between cells

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27
Q

Neurotransmitter:

A

a chemical signal that can cross the space between cells

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28
Q

A variety of small molecules function as:

A

neurotransmitters

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29
Q

Acetylcholine:

A

Neurotransmitter. Controls muscle function.

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30
Q

Biogenic amines

A

Neurotransmitters. serotonin and dopamine, which affect sleep, mood, and attention.

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31
Q

Neuropeptides.

A

Neurotransmitters. Include endorphins, decreasing our perception of pain.

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32
Q

Nitric Oxide:

A

neurotransmitter. triggers erection

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33
Q

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

A

neuron

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34
Q

Name the 5 major parts of the human brain:

A

Left Cerebral Hemisphere, Right Cerebral hemisphere, corpus callosum, medulla oblongata, cerebellum.

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35
Q

Hypothalamus:

A

regulates autonomic nervous system, serves as homeostatic control center, controls pituitary gland

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36
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates body movement

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37
Q

Cerebrum

A

performs sophisticated integration

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38
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outer layer of the cerebrum. Involved in memory, learning, speech, emotions. formulates complex behavioral responses

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39
Q

the brainstem leads to the (3)

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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40
Q

what is the largest and most complex part of the brain?

A

The cerebrum

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41
Q

what is the center for vision, hearing, taste, and smell.

A

the cerebrum

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42
Q

Association areas:

A

concerned with higher mental activities such as reasoning and language.

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43
Q

Lateralization:

A

when right and left cerebral hemispheres tend to specialize in different mental tasks

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44
Q

Describe the structural and functional subdivisions of the nervous system.

A

.

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45
Q

Describe the three parts of a reflex, distinguishing the three types of neurons that may be involved in the reaction.

A

.

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46
Q

Describe an action potential

A

.

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47
Q

Describe synapses and functions of neurotransmitters known in humans.

A

.

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48
Q

Explain how drugs can alter chemical synapses

A

.

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49
Q

Describe the main parts and functions of the human brain.

A

.

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50
Q

Explain how injuries, illness, and surgery provide insight into the functions of the brain

A

.

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51
Q

Explain how fMRI scans help us understand brain functions.

A

.

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52
Q

Describe the structure and functions of the limbic system.

A

.

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53
Q

Sensory receptors

A

detect stimuli, trigger action potential, send information to CNS

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54
Q

Sensory Transduction

A

receptors convert stimulus to electrical signl

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55
Q

The sensory receptor cell in a taste bud detects

A

molecules

56
Q

Sensory receptor cells convert a stimulus __________________.

A

stimulus energy to action potentials

57
Q

The stronger the stimulus, the more _________, and the more ________.

A

neurotransmitter released by the receptor cell.

frequently the sensory neuron transmits action potentials to the brain

58
Q

There are # categories of sensory receptors:

A

5

59
Q

name 5 types of receptors:

A
  1. Pain
  2. Thermo-
  3. Mechano-
  4. Chemo-
  5. Electromagnetic
60
Q

Pain receptors sense

A

high heat and pressure

61
Q

Thermoreceptors sense

A

heat or cold

62
Q

Mechanoreceptors sense

A

mechanical energy like touch, pressure, and sound.

63
Q

Chemoreceptors sense

A

chemicals including smell and taste

64
Q

Electromagnetic receptors sense

A

electricity, magnetism, and light (sensed by photoreceptors)

65
Q

The ear converts _________ to _________ that are perceived as ______

A
  1. air pressure waves
  2. action potentials
  3. Sound
66
Q

the human ear channels sound waves from the ________, with a ______, down the ________ to the ________

A
  1. Outer ear
  2. Pinna
  3. Auditory Canal
  4. Eardrum
67
Q

A chain of bones in the _____ vibrate at the same frequency as _________.

A
  1. Middle Ear

2. Sound Waves

68
Q

Bones transfer vibration to the fluid in the coiled ______ in the ________

A
  1. Cochlea

2. Inner Ear

69
Q

Hearing loss that results in the inability to hear a specific pitch is most likely the result of which of the following?

a ruptured eardrum
damaged receptor cells
in the cochlea
stiff middle ear bones
middle ear infection
A

Middle ear infections

70
Q

What causes motion sickness?

A

conflicting signals between the inner ear and eyes

71
Q

Where is the organ of Corti?

A

Inner Ear

72
Q

What is the Corti?

A

sensitive element of the inner ear, known as the microphone

73
Q

Humans have ______-lens eyes

A

single

74
Q

Light enter through the ______

A

Pupil

75
Q

The pupil is controlled by an _____

A

iris

76
Q

Light passes through the lens and is focused on the ______

A

retina

77
Q

The retina consists of many

A

photoreceptor cells

78
Q

The center of focus in the eye is the

A

fovea

79
Q

Rods absorb ________

A

DIM light

80
Q

Cones absorb ________

A

BRIGHT light

81
Q

The ______ lets light into the eye and also helps focus light

A

cornea

82
Q

The sclera surrounds a pigmented layer called the _______

A

choroid

83
Q

The visual sensory receptors in the retina are:

A

Rods and Cones

84
Q

The outer surface of the eyeball is a whitish layer called the _____

A

Sclera

85
Q

The lens focuses light onto the retina by ________

A

bending light rays

86
Q

Nearsightedness is the _______ and is usually caused by ______

A

inability to focus on distant object. caused by an eyeball that is too long

87
Q

Farsightedness is the _______ and is usually caused by ______

A

inability to focus on close objects. caused by an eyeball that is too short.

88
Q

Astigmatism is ______ caused by _______.

A

blurred vision. caused by a misshapen lens or cornea

89
Q

Cons and Rods are types of

A

photoreceptors

90
Q

A person who cannot focus on distant objects has:

A

nearsightedness

91
Q

Taste and odor receptors detect

A

chemicals present in solution or air

92
Q

Much of what we taste is really _____

A

smell

93
Q

What are the _____ taste sensations?

A 
5. 
Sweet
Salty
Sour
Bitter
Umami
94
Q

Memorize diagrams of human eye

A

yeet

95
Q

Locomotion requires ______ to overcome _____ & _______.

A

Energy. Friction & gravity.

96
Q

Muscles and a skeletal system work together to

A

overcome friction and gravity

97
Q

Hydrostatic skeletons

A

pressurized fluid (jellyfish)

98
Q

Exoskeletons

A

rigid external skeletons which must be shed to permit growth

99
Q

Endoskeletons

A

hard or leathery supporting elements

-cartilage or cartilage and bone (vertebrates)

100
Q

Earthworms have a _______ skeleton because they use pressurized fluid to support their bodies.

A

Hydrostatic skeleton

101
Q

What are the two parts of the human skeleton?

A
  • Axial Skeleton

- Appendicular Skeleton

102
Q

Axial Skeleton

A
  • Controls axis/trunk of the body

- Major Parts: Skull, vertebrae, ribs

103
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Includes appendages and the bones that anchor them.

Consists of: Arms, legs, shoulder, and pelvic girdles

104
Q

Which of the following structures is part of the axial skeleton?

A. Sternum (chest)
B. Patella (knee)
C. pelvic girdle (hips)
D. Femur (upper leg)

A

A. Sternum (Chest)

105
Q

Two major parts of bones:

A

Cartilage, Bone Cells

106
Q

Cartilage:

A

Cushion joints, prevents friction

107
Q

Bone Cells:

A

live in a matrix of flexible protein fibers and hard calcium salts.

108
Q

Long bones have _____ marrow in the central cavity, and _____ marrow at the ends.

A

Yellow. Red.

109
Q

Bones are

A

Complex living organs

110
Q

Which part of a bone contains cells that produce blood cells?

A

Red Marrow

111
Q

Ball-and-socket joints:

A

enable rotation in the arms and legs

112
Q

Hinge Joints:

A

in elbows and knees. permit movement in a single plane.

113
Q

Pivot Joints:

A

Rotation of the forearm at the elbow.

114
Q

Osteoporosis is:

A

low bone mass and structural deterioration

115
Q

Osteoporosis is less likely if a person:

A

has high levels of calcium, exercises regularly, does not smoke.

116
Q

Muscles and bones interact to produce

A

movement

117
Q

Muscles are connected to bones by

A

tendons

118
Q

muscles can only

A

contract

119
Q

Muscle fibers are cells that consist of

A

bundles of myofibrils

120
Q

Myofibrils contain overlapping

A

filaments

121
Q

What are the two types of filaments

A

Thick and Thin.

122
Q

Thick Filaments:

A

composed primarily of the protein Myosin

123
Q

Thin Filaments:

A

composed primarily of the protein Actin

124
Q

The fundamental unit of muscle action is:

A

Sarcomeres

125
Q

What is the fundamental unit of muscle contraction?

A

Sarcomeres

126
Q

Muscle contracts when _____ filaments slide along _____ filaments and shorten the _______.

A

Thin. Thick. Sarcomere.

127
Q

At the level of the sarcomere, overlapping thick and thin protein fibers _____________ during muscle contraction.

A

Shorten

128
Q

Filament sliding requires energy in the form of _____

A

ATP

129
Q

A motor neuron carries an action potential to a ______

A

Muscle cell

130
Q

Motor neurons stimulate _______

A

muscle contraction

131
Q

a motor unit consists of a

A

neuron, and the set of muscle fibers it controls

132
Q

More forceful muscle contractions result when ______

A

additional motor units are activated

133
Q

_______ supplies most of the energy for exercise

A

Aerobic Respiration

134
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

-glucose + oxygen -> lots of ATP, generated slowly

135
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

-fermentation. No oxygen

Bio 202 (8 decks)

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