Chapter 27 Flashcards
1
Q
Nervous systems receive _______, ______ it, and then _____
A
- Sensory Input
- Interpret it
- Send out appropriate commands
2
Q
CNS:
A
Central Nervous Systems
3
Q
What makes up the CNS?
A
brain and spinal cord
4
Q
PNS stands for?
A
Peripheral Nervous System
5
Q
is the PNS inside or outside of the CNS?
A
Outside
6
Q
Sensory Neurons:
A
signals from sensory receptors to the CNS
7
Q
Interneurons
A
located entirely in the CNS, integrate information
8
Q
Motor Neurons
A
Convey signals to effector cells
9
Q
Integration
A
involves the interpreting and responding to sensory output
10
Q
______ convey signals to effector cells
A
Motor neurons
11
Q
______________ send signals from sensory receptors to the CNS
A
Sensory Neurons
12
Q
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the _______________.
A
central and peripheral nervous systems
13
Q
________ are the functional units of nervous systems
A
Neurons
14
Q
Dendrites:
A
Receive Signals
15
Q
Axons:
A
Send signals
16
Q
Myelin:
A
Insulates axon for faster signal transmission
17
Q
Stimulus occurs
A
in skin
18
Q
response occurs
A
in muscles
19
Q
stimulus changes the
A
membrane’s voltage
20
Q
Membrane voltage is the:
A
energy of plasma membrane.
21
Q
Membrane voltage depends on the:
A
charge difference between inside and outside of cell
22
Q
Action Potentials are _____
A
self propagated in a one way chain reaction along a neuron
23
Q
Action Potential is caused by a _____
A
strong stimulus
24
Q
Action potential allows ______:
A
one cell to communicate with the next cell in the circuit
25
Neurons communicate at _____
synapses
26
Synapses are:
junctions where signals cross between cells
27
Neurotransmitter:
a chemical signal that can cross the space between cells
28
A variety of small molecules function as:
neurotransmitters
29
Acetylcholine:
Neurotransmitter. Controls muscle function.
30
Biogenic amines
Neurotransmitters. serotonin and dopamine, which affect sleep, mood, and attention.
31
Neuropeptides.
Neurotransmitters. Include endorphins, decreasing our perception of pain.
32
Nitric Oxide:
neurotransmitter. triggers erection
33
What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
neuron
34
Name the 5 major parts of the human brain:
Left Cerebral Hemisphere, Right Cerebral hemisphere, corpus callosum, medulla oblongata, cerebellum.
35
Hypothalamus:
regulates autonomic nervous system, serves as homeostatic control center, controls pituitary gland
36
Cerebellum
Coordinates body movement
37
Cerebrum
performs sophisticated integration
38
Cerebral Cortex
Outer layer of the cerebrum. Involved in memory, learning, speech, emotions. formulates complex behavioral responses
39
the brainstem leads to the (3)
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
40
what is the largest and most complex part of the brain?
The cerebrum
41
what is the center for vision, hearing, taste, and smell.
the cerebrum
42
Association areas:
concerned with higher mental activities such as reasoning and language.
43
Lateralization:
when right and left cerebral hemispheres tend to specialize in different mental tasks
44
Describe the structural and functional subdivisions of the nervous system.
.
45
Describe the three parts of a reflex, distinguishing the three types of neurons that may be involved in the reaction.
.
46
Describe an action potential
.
47
Describe synapses and functions of neurotransmitters known in humans.
.
48
Explain how drugs can alter chemical synapses
.
49
Describe the main parts and functions of the human brain.
.
50
Explain how injuries, illness, and surgery provide insight into the functions of the brain
.
51
Explain how fMRI scans help us understand brain functions.
.
52
Describe the structure and functions of the limbic system.
.
53
Sensory receptors
detect stimuli, trigger action potential, send information to CNS
54
Sensory Transduction
receptors convert stimulus to electrical signl
55
The sensory receptor cell in a taste bud detects
molecules
56
Sensory receptor cells convert a stimulus __________________.
stimulus energy to action potentials
57
The stronger the stimulus, the more _________, and the more ________.
neurotransmitter released by the receptor cell.
frequently the sensory neuron transmits action potentials to the brain
58
There are # categories of sensory receptors:
5
59
name 5 types of receptors:
1. Pain
2. Thermo-
3. Mechano-
4. Chemo-
5. Electromagnetic
60
Pain receptors sense
high heat and pressure
61
Thermoreceptors sense
heat or cold
62
Mechanoreceptors sense
mechanical energy like touch, pressure, and sound.
63
Chemoreceptors sense
chemicals including smell and taste
64
Electromagnetic receptors sense
electricity, magnetism, and light (sensed by photoreceptors)
65
The ear converts _________ to _________ that are perceived as ______
1. air pressure waves
2. action potentials
3. Sound
66
the human ear channels sound waves from the ________, with a ______, down the ________ to the ________
1. Outer ear
2. Pinna
3. Auditory Canal
4. Eardrum
67
A chain of bones in the _____ vibrate at the same frequency as _________.
1. Middle Ear
| 2. Sound Waves
68
Bones transfer vibration to the fluid in the coiled ______ in the ________
1. Cochlea
| 2. Inner Ear
69
Hearing loss that results in the inability to hear a specific pitch is most likely the result of which of the following?
```
a ruptured eardrum
damaged receptor cells
in the cochlea
stiff middle ear bones
middle ear infection
```
Middle ear infections
70
What causes motion sickness?
conflicting signals between the inner ear and eyes
71
Where is the organ of Corti?
Inner Ear
72
What is the Corti?
sensitive element of the inner ear, known as the microphone
73
Humans have ______-lens eyes
single
74
Light enter through the ______
Pupil
75
The pupil is controlled by an _____
iris
76
Light passes through the lens and is focused on the ______
retina
77
The retina consists of many
photoreceptor cells
78
The center of focus in the eye is the
fovea
79
Rods absorb ________
DIM light
80
Cones absorb ________
BRIGHT light
81
The ______ lets light into the eye and also helps focus light
cornea
82
The sclera surrounds a pigmented layer called the _______
choroid
83
The visual sensory receptors in the retina are:
Rods and Cones
84
The outer surface of the eyeball is a whitish layer called the _____
Sclera
85
The lens focuses light onto the retina by ________
bending light rays
86
Nearsightedness is the _______ and is usually caused by ______
inability to focus on distant object. caused by an eyeball that is too long
87
Farsightedness is the _______ and is usually caused by ______
inability to focus on close objects. caused by an eyeball that is too short.
88
Astigmatism is ______ caused by _______.
blurred vision. caused by a misshapen lens or cornea
89
Cons and Rods are types of
photoreceptors
90
A person who cannot focus on distant objects has:
nearsightedness
91
Taste and odor receptors detect
chemicals present in solution or air
92
Much of what we taste is really _____
smell
93
What are the _____ taste sensations?
```
5.
Sweet
Salty
Sour
Bitter
Umami
```
94
Memorize diagrams of human eye
yeet
95
Locomotion requires ______ to overcome _____ & _______.
Energy. Friction & gravity.
96
Muscles and a skeletal system work together to
overcome friction and gravity
97
Hydrostatic skeletons
pressurized fluid (jellyfish)
98
Exoskeletons
rigid external skeletons which must be shed to permit growth
99
Endoskeletons
hard or leathery supporting elements
| -cartilage or cartilage and bone (vertebrates)
100
Earthworms have a _______ skeleton because they use pressurized fluid to support their bodies.
Hydrostatic skeleton
101
What are the two parts of the human skeleton?
- Axial Skeleton
| - Appendicular Skeleton
102
Axial Skeleton
- Controls axis/trunk of the body
| - Major Parts: Skull, vertebrae, ribs
103
Appendicular Skeleton
Includes appendages and the bones that anchor them.
Consists of: Arms, legs, shoulder, and pelvic girdles
104
Which of the following structures is part of the axial skeleton?
A. Sternum (chest)
B. Patella (knee)
C. pelvic girdle (hips)
D. Femur (upper leg)
A. Sternum (Chest)
105
Two major parts of bones:
Cartilage, Bone Cells
106
Cartilage:
Cushion joints, prevents friction
107
Bone Cells:
live in a matrix of flexible protein fibers and hard calcium salts.
108
Long bones have _____ marrow in the central cavity, and _____ marrow at the ends.
Yellow. Red.
109
Bones are
Complex living organs
110
Which part of a bone contains cells that produce blood cells?
Red Marrow
111
Ball-and-socket joints:
enable rotation in the arms and legs
112
Hinge Joints:
in elbows and knees. permit movement in a single plane.
113
Pivot Joints:
Rotation of the forearm at the elbow.
114
Osteoporosis is:
low bone mass and structural deterioration
115
Osteoporosis is less likely if a person:
has high levels of calcium, exercises regularly, does not smoke.
116
Muscles and bones interact to produce
movement
117
Muscles are connected to bones by
tendons
118
muscles can only
contract
119
Muscle fibers are cells that consist of
bundles of myofibrils
120
Myofibrils contain overlapping
filaments
121
What are the two types of filaments
Thick and Thin.
122
Thick Filaments:
composed primarily of the protein Myosin
123
Thin Filaments:
composed primarily of the protein Actin
124
The fundamental unit of muscle action is:
Sarcomeres
125
What is the fundamental unit of muscle contraction?
Sarcomeres
126
Muscle contracts when _____ filaments slide along _____ filaments and shorten the _______.
Thin. Thick. Sarcomere.
127
At the level of the sarcomere, overlapping thick and thin protein fibers _____________ during muscle contraction.
Shorten
128
Filament sliding requires energy in the form of _____
ATP
129
A motor neuron carries an action potential to a ______
Muscle cell
130
Motor neurons stimulate _______
muscle contraction
131
a motor unit consists of a
neuron, and the set of muscle fibers it controls
132
More forceful muscle contractions result when ______
additional motor units are activated
133
_______ supplies most of the energy for exercise
Aerobic Respiration
134
Aerobic Respiration
-glucose + oxygen -> lots of ATP, generated slowly
135
Anaerobic respiration
-fermentation. No oxygen
