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Bio 202 > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

97% of climate scientists agree that the

A

global climate is changing

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2
Q

Study of interactions of organisms with their living environments is called

A

ecology

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3
Q

all earth’s ecosystems, including living and nonliving physical and chemical factors:

A

biosphere

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4
Q

aquatic biomes are defined as:

A

fresh water and marine

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5
Q

terrestrial biomes are categorized by

A

climate and plant life

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6
Q

the sum of all earth’s ecosystems is called the:

A

biosphere

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7
Q

biotic:

A

organisms

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8
Q

abiotic:

A

atmospheric gases, energy, nutrients, and water

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9
Q

Name 2 key factors in the distribution of marine organisms

A

sunlight and substrate

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10
Q

productive areas where rivers meet the ocean, with less that 1-3% salt

A

Estuaries

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11
Q

water meets land at marshes, sand, rocky beaches and tide pools.

A

intertidal zone

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12
Q

open ocean, suports motile animals (fishes, squids, marine mammals)

A

pelagic zone

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13
Q

benthic zone:

A

ocean bottom (B FOR BOTTOM)

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14
Q

photic zones are where light:

A

allows photosynthesis

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15
Q

aphotic zones are:

A

the dark, most extensive part of the biosphere.

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16
Q

Freshwater biomes include:

A

lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, and wetland

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17
Q

freshwater and seawater mix in a:

A

estuary

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18
Q

Regional climate influences the:

A

distribution of terrestrial communities

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19
Q

uneven heating causes

A

rain and winds

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20
Q

The greatest annual input and least seasonal variation in solar radiation takes place in the

A

tropics

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21
Q

warm air rises, cools, and results in

A

precipitation typical of most tropical regions

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22
Q

ocean currents effect regional climates by:

A

warming or cooling coastal areas

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23
Q

Tropical forests lie along the

A

equator

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24
Q

the most diverse ecosystem on earth is the

A

tropical forests

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25
Q

grasslands with scattered trees

A

savannas

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26
Q

deserts are defined by their

A

dryness

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27
Q

the driest of all terrestrial biomes are:

A

deserts

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28
Q

a shrubland with cool, rainy winters and dry hot summers is called:

A

chaparral

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29
Q

The North American Prairie is a

A

temperate grasslands

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30
Q

droughts, fires, and grazing animals prevent trees from growing in:

A

temperate grasslands

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31
Q

temperate forests are dominated by

A

broadleaf trees

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32
Q

temperate broadleaf forests

A

grow where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large trees

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33
Q

coniferous forests are often dominates by a

A

few species of trees

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34
Q

the northern coniferous forest is the

A

largest terrestrial biome on earth

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35
Q

PNW is a

A

coniferous forest

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36
Q

the arctic tundra is characterized by

A

long, bitter-cold winters

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37
Q

permafrost

A

continuously frozen subsoil

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38
Q

________ are the driest of all terrestrial biomes

A

deserts

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39
Q

a group of individuals of a single species that occupy the same general idea at the same time

A

population

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40
Q

population ecology is concerned with

A

changes in population size and the factors that regulate populations over time

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41
Q

population density

A

of individuals of a species in a space

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42
Q

dispersion pattern is:

A

the way individuals are spaced WITHIN THEIR AREA

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43
Q

important population variables

A

density and dispersion patterns

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44
Q

life tables track

A

survivorship in populations

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45
Q

survivorship curves plot:

A

the proportion of individuals alive at each age

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46
Q

idealized models predict:

A

patterns of population growth

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47
Q

exponential growth model

A

G=rN

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48
Q

G=rN

A

Growth=(per capita rate of increase)Population Size

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49
Q

r-selected traits:

A

rapid growth with unlimited resources (mice, cockroaches, dandelions)

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50
Q

Food webs are characterized by

A

Trophic Levels

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51
Q

the human population continues to ______, but the growth rate is ________.

A

increase, slowing.

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52
Q

95% of global population increase is in

A

developing nations

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53
Q

age structures help predict:

A

a population’s future growth

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54
Q

continued growth that occurs after a population’s high fertility rate has been reduced:

A

population momentum

55
Q

1 child in the US has an ecological footprint similar to

A

30-50 children in developing countries

56
Q

Behavior ecology is the study of:

A

behavior in an evolutionary context

57
Q

proximate causes:

A

immediate reason for the behavior

58
Q

ultimate causes:

A

evolutionary explanations for behavior.

59
Q

Innate behavior

A

under strong genetic control and similar in all individuals of a species

60
Q

Fixed Action Patterns (FAP’s)

A

an unchangeable series of actions triggered by a specific stimulus

61
Q

give an example of FAP

A

reproductive behaviors

62
Q

When a nipple is placed in a newborn baby’s mouth, the infant will immediately begin to suckle. This is an example of

A

innate behavior

63
Q

behavior is the result of both:

A

genetic and environmental factors

64
Q

modification of behavior as a result of specific experiences:

A

learning

65
Q

example of imprinting

A

a young bird learning to identify its parents

66
Q

Imprinting requires both:

A

innate behavior and experience

67
Q

name a problem that imprinting can pose for conservation programs

A

without parents, offspring may not learn appropriate behavior

68
Q

when animals establish memories of landmarks in their environment

A

spatial learning

69
Q

spatial learning indicates the locations of

A

food, nest sites, hazards

70
Q

the ability to associate one environmental feature with another

A

associative learning

71
Q

give example of associative learning:

A

dog expects walk when owner picks up leash

72
Q

learning by observing the behavior of others:

A

social learning

73
Q

problem-solving behavior relies on

A

cognition

74
Q

cognition:

A

ability to perceive, store, integrate, and use information.

75
Q

optimal foraging theory:

A

animals feeding behavior provides maximal energy and minimal risk

76
Q

name an essential element of interactions between animals:

A

communication

77
Q

systems with no strong pair-bonds or lasting relationships between mates

A

promiscuous

78
Q

______ places social behavior in an evolutionary context

A

sociobiology

79
Q

territorial behavior parcels out ______ & _______.

A

space;resources

80
Q

agnostic behavior example:

A

snake ritual wrestling

81
Q

behavior that costs an individual while benefitting others in the population

A

altruism

82
Q

all species in a shared habitat:

A

community

83
Q

A community is composed of ___________.

A

potentially interacting populations of different species of organisms

84
Q

sum of an organism’s use of biotic and abiotic resources

A

ecological niche

85
Q

reef building corals require

A

mutualism

86
Q

______ benefits the predator but kills the prey

A

predation

87
Q

herbivores and plants undergo

A

coevolution

88
Q

change in one species acts as a new selective force on another, forcing

A

reciprocal adaptation

89
Q

Coevolution is an outcome of ___________ between two species.

A

reciprocal adaptation

90
Q

food chain is like maslovs hierarchy

A

triangle

91
Q

producers:

A

are at the bottom and support all trophic levels

92
Q

Consumers:

A

primary, secondary, etc.

93
Q

detritivores and decomposers:

A

derive energy from dead matter and wastes

94
Q

food chains interconnect and form:

A

food webs

95
Q

The feeding relationships among the species of a community is the community’s ______________.

A

trophic structure

96
Q

species richness and relative abundance define:

A

species diversity

97
Q

keystone species:

A

mussels. have an overwhelming impact.

98
Q

ecological succession:

A

species gradually replace other species

99
Q

when a species begins in a virtually lifeless area with no soil

A

primary succession

100
Q

when a disturbance destroyed an existing community but left the soil intact

A

secondary succession

101
Q

the transfer of materials within the ecosystem

A

chemical cycling

102
Q

primary production is carried out by

A

producers

103
Q

primary production sets the

A

energy budget for ecosystems

104
Q

the amount of solar energy converted to chemical energy is

A

primary production

105
Q

the amount of living organic material in an ecosystem is called:

A

biomass

106
Q

10% rule

A

about 10% of the biomass at one level is transferred to next level. most of consumed biomass is lost as heat energy

107
Q

energy supply limits the:

A

length of food chains

108
Q

What generally flows in one direction through an ecosystem, from producers up through each level of consumers, and is not recycled?

A

Energy

109
Q

chemicals are cycled between ______ & ______ reservoirs

A

organic matter and abiotic resevoirs

110
Q

carbon cycle depends on ________ & _________

A

photosynthesis and respiration

111
Q

the carbon cycle deals with the return of ______ to the ________.

A

CO2 to the atmosphere

112
Q

burning wood and fossil fuels affects the:

A

carbon cycle

113
Q

Organisms require ______ for nucleic acids, phospholipids, and ATP.

A

Phosphorous

114
Q

Organisms receive phosphorous through the:

A

phosphorous cycle

115
Q

the phosphorous cycle depends on the:

A

weathering of rock

116
Q

______ is an essential component of proteins and nucleic acids

A

nitrogen

117
Q

Nitrogen has two abiotic reservoirs:

A

air & soil

118
Q

Nitrogen fixation:

A

Converts N2 to nitrogen used by plants

119
Q

the nitrogen cycle depends on

A

bacteria

120
Q

name the three levels of biodiversity:

A

ecosystem diversity
species diversity
genetic diversity

121
Q

scientists have descrived and formally named # species.

A

1.8 million

122
Q

the loss of a single population of a species:

A

extirpation

123
Q

_________ poses the greatest threat to biodiversity.

A

human alteration of habitats

124
Q

Biological magnification

A

concentrates synthetic toxins that cannot be degraded by microorganisms

125
Q

much of the rapid warming is the result of

A

burning fossil fuels

126
Q

Burning fossil fuels and deforestation have resulted in an increase in the concentration of ______ in the atmosphere, which may be causing the global climate to change.

A

CO2

127
Q

Climate change in western North America has spawned

A

catastrophic wildfires

128
Q

The greatest impact of global climate change is affecting organisms that live at ______ and _______.

A

high latitudes and high elevations

129
Q

the study of the structure and dynamics of a collection of ecosystems

A

landscape ecology

130
Q

movement corridors

A

man made “land bridges” to help animals cross highways

131
Q

biodiversity hot spots

A

small areas with large number of endangered and threatened species

132
Q

endemic species

A

found nowhere else

133
Q

zoned reserves

A

national parks

Bio 202 (8 decks)

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