Chapter 18 Flashcards
1
Q
97% of climate scientists agree that the
A
global climate is changing
2
Q
Study of interactions of organisms with their living environments is called
A
ecology
3
Q
all earth’s ecosystems, including living and nonliving physical and chemical factors:
A
biosphere
4
Q
aquatic biomes are defined as:
A
fresh water and marine
5
Q
terrestrial biomes are categorized by
A
climate and plant life
6
Q
the sum of all earth’s ecosystems is called the:
A
biosphere
7
Q
biotic:
A
organisms
8
Q
abiotic:
A
atmospheric gases, energy, nutrients, and water
9
Q
Name 2 key factors in the distribution of marine organisms
A
sunlight and substrate
10
Q
productive areas where rivers meet the ocean, with less that 1-3% salt
A
Estuaries
11
Q
water meets land at marshes, sand, rocky beaches and tide pools.
A
intertidal zone
12
Q
open ocean, suports motile animals (fishes, squids, marine mammals)
A
pelagic zone
13
Q
benthic zone:
A
ocean bottom (B FOR BOTTOM)
14
Q
photic zones are where light:
A
allows photosynthesis
15
Q
aphotic zones are:
A
the dark, most extensive part of the biosphere.
16
Q
Freshwater biomes include:
A
lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, and wetland
17
Q
freshwater and seawater mix in a:
A
estuary
18
Q
Regional climate influences the:
A
distribution of terrestrial communities
19
Q
uneven heating causes
A
rain and winds
20
Q
The greatest annual input and least seasonal variation in solar radiation takes place in the
A
tropics
21
Q
warm air rises, cools, and results in
A
precipitation typical of most tropical regions
22
Q
ocean currents effect regional climates by:
A
warming or cooling coastal areas
23
Q
Tropical forests lie along the
A
equator
24
Q
the most diverse ecosystem on earth is the
A
tropical forests
25
grasslands with scattered trees
savannas
26
deserts are defined by their
dryness
27
the driest of all terrestrial biomes are:
deserts
28
a shrubland with cool, rainy winters and dry hot summers is called:
chaparral
29
The North American Prairie is a
temperate grasslands
30
droughts, fires, and grazing animals prevent trees from growing in:
temperate grasslands
31
temperate forests are dominated by
broadleaf trees
32
temperate broadleaf forests
grow where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large trees
33
coniferous forests are often dominates by a
few species of trees
34
the northern coniferous forest is the
largest terrestrial biome on earth
35
PNW is a
coniferous forest
36
the arctic tundra is characterized by
long, bitter-cold winters
37
permafrost
continuously frozen subsoil
38
________ are the driest of all terrestrial biomes
deserts
39
a group of individuals of a single species that occupy the same general idea at the same time
population
40
population ecology is concerned with
changes in population size and the factors that regulate populations over time
41
population density
of individuals of a species in a space
42
dispersion pattern is:
the way individuals are spaced WITHIN THEIR AREA
43
important population variables
density and dispersion patterns
44
life tables track
survivorship in populations
45
survivorship curves plot:
the proportion of individuals alive at each age
46
idealized models predict:
patterns of population growth
47
exponential growth model
G=rN
48
G=rN
Growth=(per capita rate of increase)Population Size
49
r-selected traits:
rapid growth with unlimited resources (mice, cockroaches, dandelions)
50
Food webs are characterized by
Trophic Levels
51
the human population continues to ______, but the growth rate is ________.
increase, slowing.
52
95% of global population increase is in
developing nations
53
age structures help predict:
a population's future growth
54
continued growth that occurs after a population's high fertility rate has been reduced:
population momentum
55
1 child in the US has an ecological footprint similar to
30-50 children in developing countries
56
Behavior ecology is the study of:
behavior in an evolutionary context
57
proximate causes:
immediate reason for the behavior
58
ultimate causes:
evolutionary explanations for behavior.
59
Innate behavior
under strong genetic control and similar in all individuals of a species
60
Fixed Action Patterns (FAP's)
an unchangeable series of actions triggered by a specific stimulus
61
give an example of FAP
reproductive behaviors
62
When a nipple is placed in a newborn baby’s mouth, the infant will immediately begin to suckle. This is an example of
innate behavior
63
behavior is the result of both:
genetic and environmental factors
64
modification of behavior as a result of specific experiences:
learning
65
example of imprinting
a young bird learning to identify its parents
66
Imprinting requires both:
innate behavior and experience
67
name a problem that imprinting can pose for conservation programs
without parents, offspring may not learn appropriate behavior
68
when animals establish memories of landmarks in their environment
spatial learning
69
spatial learning indicates the locations of
food, nest sites, hazards
70
the ability to associate one environmental feature with another
associative learning
71
give example of associative learning:
dog expects walk when owner picks up leash
72
learning by observing the behavior of others:
social learning
73
problem-solving behavior relies on
cognition
74
cognition:
ability to perceive, store, integrate, and use information.
75
optimal foraging theory:
animals feeding behavior provides maximal energy and minimal risk
76
name an essential element of interactions between animals:
communication
77
systems with no strong pair-bonds or lasting relationships between mates
promiscuous
78
______ places social behavior in an evolutionary context
sociobiology
79
territorial behavior parcels out ______ & _______.
space;resources
80
agnostic behavior example:
snake ritual wrestling
81
behavior that costs an individual while benefitting others in the population
altruism
82
all species in a shared habitat:
community
83
A community is composed of ___________.
potentially interacting populations of different species of organisms
84
sum of an organism's use of biotic and abiotic resources
ecological niche
85
reef building corals require
mutualism
86
______ benefits the predator but kills the prey
predation
87
herbivores and plants undergo
coevolution
88
change in one species acts as a new selective force on another, forcing
reciprocal adaptation
89
Coevolution is an outcome of ___________ between two species.
reciprocal adaptation
90
food chain is like maslovs hierarchy
triangle
91
producers:
are at the bottom and support all trophic levels
92
Consumers:
primary, secondary, etc.
93
detritivores and decomposers:
derive energy from dead matter and wastes
94
food chains interconnect and form:
food webs
95
The feeding relationships among the species of a community is the community’s ______________.
trophic structure
96
species richness and relative abundance define:
species diversity
97
keystone species:
mussels. have an overwhelming impact.
98
ecological succession:
species gradually replace other species
99
when a species begins in a virtually lifeless area with no soil
primary succession
100
when a disturbance destroyed an existing community but left the soil intact
secondary succession
101
the transfer of materials within the ecosystem
chemical cycling
102
primary production is carried out by
producers
103
primary production sets the
energy budget for ecosystems
104
the amount of solar energy converted to chemical energy is
primary production
105
the amount of living organic material in an ecosystem is called:
biomass
106
10% rule
about 10% of the biomass at one level is transferred to next level. most of consumed biomass is lost as heat energy
107
energy supply limits the:
length of food chains
108
What generally flows in one direction through an ecosystem, from producers up through each level of consumers, and is not recycled?
Energy
109
chemicals are cycled between ______ & ______ reservoirs
organic matter and abiotic resevoirs
110
carbon cycle depends on ________ & _________
photosynthesis and respiration
111
the carbon cycle deals with the return of ______ to the ________.
CO2 to the atmosphere
112
burning wood and fossil fuels affects the:
carbon cycle
113
Organisms require ______ for nucleic acids, phospholipids, and ATP.
Phosphorous
114
Organisms receive phosphorous through the:
phosphorous cycle
115
the phosphorous cycle depends on the:
weathering of rock
116
______ is an essential component of proteins and nucleic acids
nitrogen
117
Nitrogen has two abiotic reservoirs:
air & soil
118
Nitrogen fixation:
Converts N2 to nitrogen used by plants
119
the nitrogen cycle depends on
bacteria
120
name the three levels of biodiversity:
ecosystem diversity
species diversity
genetic diversity
121
scientists have descrived and formally named # species.
1.8 million
122
the loss of a single population of a species:
extirpation
123
_________ poses the greatest threat to biodiversity.
human alteration of habitats
124
Biological magnification
concentrates synthetic toxins that cannot be degraded by microorganisms
125
much of the rapid warming is the result of
burning fossil fuels
126
Burning fossil fuels and deforestation have resulted in an increase in the concentration of ______ in the atmosphere, which may be causing the global climate to change.
CO2
127
Climate change in western North America has spawned
catastrophic wildfires
128
The greatest impact of global climate change is affecting organisms that live at ______ and _______.
high latitudes and high elevations
129
the study of the structure and dynamics of a collection of ecosystems
landscape ecology
130
movement corridors
man made "land bridges" to help animals cross highways
131
biodiversity hot spots
small areas with large number of endangered and threatened species
132
endemic species
found nowhere else
133
zoned reserves
national parks
