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Bio 152 > Chapter 27-28 > Flashcards

Chapter 27-28 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Order of Life

A

Domain to kingdom to phylum to class to order to family to genus to species

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2
Q

what kind of bonds do eukarya have?

A

Ester Bonds

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3
Q

Which domain has rRNA loops?

A

Bacteria

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4
Q

what are monophyletic groups?

A

A group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants

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5
Q

what are paraphyletic groups?

A

Includes the most recent common ancestor of the group, but not all its descendants

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6
Q

what does an archaea’s cell wall contain?

A

a surface layer of proteins

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7
Q

what kind of lipids do archaea have?

A

isoprene chains

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8
Q

what is a functional group?

A

a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound.

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9
Q

what kind of bonds do bacteria have?

A

ester bonds

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10
Q

what kind of bonds do archaea have?

A

ether bonds

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11
Q

What can archaea do that other domains can’t?

A

Live in extreme environments (extremophiles)

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12
Q

what shape is cocci

A

sphere shaped bacteria

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13
Q

what are chains of cocci called?

A

streptococci

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14
Q

what are clumps of cocci called?

A

staphylococci

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15
Q

what shape is bacilli?

A

rod shaped

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16
Q

what shape are vibrios

A

comma shaped

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17
Q

Spirochetes

A

spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement

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18
Q

spirilli

A

spiral shaped bacteria; rigid

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19
Q

what controls bacteria cell shape?

A

cytoskeletal proteins (MreB and Ftz)

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20
Q

what is a biofilm

A

collection of microbes living on a surface in a complex community

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21
Q

What is quorum sensing?

A

the ability of bacteria in a biofilm to communicate with each other and coordinate their activities

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22
Q

what is Gram-positive bacteria

A

Bacteria that have complex cell walls with thick peptidoglycan but with teichoic acids.

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23
Q

what are sugars attached to a protein called?

A

glycoprotein

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24
Q

When can a bacteria not be phagocytized?

A

when it has a capsule of mucilage

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25
Q

where does mucilage come from?

A

secreted by cells

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26
Q

what is a lose mucilage layer called?

A

slime layer

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27
Q

why can’t encapsulated bacteria be phagocytized

A

cells are too slippery to be held on to.

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28
Q

what does mucilage allow for cell communication?

A

allows quorum sensing and community between multiple species of cells.

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29
Q

what is the form of biofilm?

A

adhesive, oozing, communitive.

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30
Q

what is peptidoglycan?

A

a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides

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31
Q

what do archaea lack in their cell walls?

A

peptidoglycan

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32
Q

what do bacteria have in their cell walls?

A

peptidoglycan

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33
Q

what is peptidoglycan called in bacteria?

A

murein

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34
Q

what is peptidoglycan called in archaea?

A

psuedomurein

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35
Q

Why are gram positive bacteria more susceptible to antibiotics?

A

antibiotics interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis

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36
Q

can GPB hold purple dye?

A

yes, purple dye is held in thick layers.

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37
Q

what does mordant do?

A

it facilitates further interactions between the primary dye & the cell wall. It will crystalize the dye that has penetrated the microbe.

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38
Q

what is the wall structure of a gram negative bacteria?

A

thinner peptidoglycan layer, enclosed in a thin outer envelope; envelope is rich with liposaccharides.

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39
Q

what are liposaccharides?

A

lipids that have polysaccharides covalently attached to them.

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40
Q

are gram negative cell walls sensitive to antibiotics?

A

Mostly resistant, but impedes secretion of proteins from outside bacteria.

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41
Q

what are teichoic acids?

A

gram positive possessing and negatively charged.

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42
Q

how do you treat GNB?

A

Stop GNB growth.

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43
Q

Why can’t you kill GNB?

A

it will cause shock; high mortality rate.

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44
Q

how is the cell wall constructed?

A

lattice; NAG sugars form chains and peptides create a bridge; many layers in order to form a wall.

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45
Q

how many cell wall layers in GNB?

A

few layers but large periplasmic space

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46
Q

how many cell wall layers in GPB?

A

many layers but small periplasmic space

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47
Q

what is periplasmic space?

A

Space between outer membrane and inner membrane (including the peptidoglycan and periplasm, gel between membranes)

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48
Q

what do antibiotics do to the cell wall?

A

break apart peptic chains

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49
Q

are there gaps in cell wall lattice?

A

yes, for nutrients.

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50
Q

what is motility?

A

movement

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51
Q

what are endospores?

A

DNA enclosure of bacteria cells that are released when a bacterial cell dies and breaks down.

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52
Q

what do all cells have on the surfaces?

A

sugars

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53
Q

what are proteins with a sugar attached called?

A

glycoproteins

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54
Q

what part of the cell makes contact with other cells?

A

the sugar

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55
Q

where are sugars in terms of the cell?

A

on the outside, never on the inside.

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56
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

process where an organism receives genetic material from another organism w/o being offspring.

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57
Q

what is transduction?

A

the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another.

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58
Q

what is transformation?

A

process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria.

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59
Q

what is conjugation?

A

gene transfer through direct contact.

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60
Q

what is vertical evolution?

A

gene transfer from parent to offspring.

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61
Q

what does smaller cell size allow?

A

faster cell division, but limits cell storage.

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62
Q

what are the properties of teichoic acids?

A

-thread together layers of peptidoglycan
-negatively charged –> retains basic dyes
-found in gram +

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63
Q

what are the charge of the heads in a phospholipid bilayer?

A

Polar, hydrophilic, positive charge.

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64
Q

what are the charge of the tails in phospholipid bilayer?

A

tails are hydrophobic.

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65
Q

what allows for cell membrane stability?

A

rigid carbon structures

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66
Q

what do ether bonds allow?

A

more durability in extreme environments.

67
Q

what are the components of a flagella?

A

hook in plasma membrane, protein-chain filament tail, and motor.

68
Q

how do flagella know how to swim?

A

sensors bind to molecule, which sends a signal to nucleus, which sends a signal for tail to spin in the direction of the molecules.

69
Q

What are pili and fimbriae?

A

Hair-like porjections of cell, composed of pilin.
Common pili: around the cell, important to adhesion to host cell surface
Sex pilus: connection between another cell, transfer DNA

70
Q

what bacteria have pili?

A

Gram negative

71
Q

what are akinetes?

A

large, oval, dense, spore-like cells that allow blue-green bacteria to survive adverse conditions

72
Q

what are endospores functions?

A

Stores genetic material in harsh conditions and facilitates survival. Once conditions are restored it goes back to being a vegetative cell. ONLY PROKARYOTIC

73
Q

what are injectosomes?

A

Gram negative bacteria that use needles that inject proteins into the host

74
Q

what are thylakoids?

A

ingrowths of PM that increase SA for photosynthesis.

75
Q

what are inclusion bodies?

A

Bodies present in nucleus or cytoplasm of certain cells in infection by filterable viruses

76
Q

what are magnetosomes?

A

magnetic storage inclusions; act like a compass to locate low oxygen habitats.

77
Q

what are metachromatic granules?

A

Reserves of inorganic phosphate to be used for ATP synthesis & stain red with methylene blue dye

78
Q

what are polysaccharide granules?

A

stores sugars

79
Q

what are lipid inclusions?

A

they are reserves for lipids and fats for energy.

80
Q

what are gas vacuoles?

A

found in aquatic, photosynthetic bacteria and archaea; provide buoyancy.

81
Q

what makes bacterial DNA unique?

A

plasmids, circular DNA portions, no introns, contain a few thousand genes, smaller (compacted) chromosomes, single origin of replication, mostly structural genes, no histones.

82
Q

how is bacterial DNA coiled if they have no histones?

A

compacted in loop domains then super coiled.

83
Q

Alveolata examples

A

ciliophora, apicomplexa, dinozoa

84
Q

Stramenopila

A

Strawlike flagellar hairs; secondary plastids (when present) derived from red algae; fucoxanthin accessory pigment common in autotrophic forms

85
Q

rhizaria

A

thin, cytoplasmic projections; secondary plastids (when present) derived from endosymbiotic green algae

86
Q

examples of amoebozoans

A

dictyostelia

87
Q

excavata

A

have feeding grooves, flagellates, unicellular

88
Q

examples of excavata

A

metamonada, kinetoplastea, euglenida

89
Q

land plants and relatives

A

have primary plastids derived from cyanobacteria with two envelope membranes.

90
Q

land plants and relatives examples

A

red and green algae, land plant kingdom

91
Q

alveolata

A

the presence of cortical alveoli, small vesicles that store calcium ions.

92
Q

examples of stramenopiles

A

diatoms, brown algae, fungus like

93
Q

examples of rhizaria

A

chlorarachniophyta; radiolaria; foraminifera

94
Q

amoebozoa

A

amoeboid movement by pseudopodia

95
Q

Ophisthokonts

A

swimming cells possess a single posterior flagellum

96
Q

what is reductive evolution?

A

the process by which microorganisms remove genes from their genome.

97
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

the process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities.

98
Q

what did endosymbiosis give rise to

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

99
Q

what are the two types of protists

A

plant-like and animal-like

100
Q

how is algae defined as

A

a unicellular plant that doesn’t have a stem or root.

101
Q

what is primary endosymbiosis

A

heterotrophic host cells captured cyanobacterial cells via phagocytosis, but did not digest them.

102
Q

how many membranes in primary endosymbiosis

A

two

103
Q

examples of primary endosymbiosis

A

green and red algae

104
Q

what happens to the organelles in endosymbiosis

A

Becomes part of the organelles of the cell.

105
Q

what does the mitochindria have of it’s own

A

DNA

106
Q

what do endosymbiotic cyanobacteria do

A

provided host cells with photosynthetic capacity and other useful biochemical pathways.

107
Q

what did endosymbiotic cyanobacteria give rise to

A

primary plastids

108
Q

what is secondary endosymbiosis?

A

when a cell is taken up entirely by another cell/organism and lives.

109
Q

can a cell that already took in 1 cell take in another in secondary endosymbiosis?

A

yes

110
Q

what happens to the nuclues in the ingested cell in 2nd ESB?

A

The nucleus from the ingested cell is no longer and becomes the nucleomorph (vestigial nucleus).

111
Q

what is the nucleus of the ingesting cell called?

A

cryptophyte.

112
Q

can cells in 2 ESB be photosynthetic?

A

yes

113
Q

how many membrane layers in 2 ESB

A

3

114
Q

examples of 2 ESB

A

brown algae and diatoms

115
Q

what is tertiary ESB

A

a cell that has already ingested a cell is ingested by another cell.

116
Q

what happens to the ingested cells in 3 ESB

A

they are eventually digested

117
Q

what are kleptoplastids

A

the behavior of taking chloroplasts from a food source and incorporating them into the consumer’s cells.

118
Q

what is a mixotroph

A

secondary endosymbiosis that takes up photosynthesis and can phagocytose.

119
Q

what is a phagotroph

A

Any heterotrophic organism that feeds by ingesting organisms or organic particles, which are digested within its body.

120
Q

what is a osmotroph

A

feeding mechanism involving the movement of dissolved organic compounds by osmosis for nutrition

121
Q

what is primary plastid

A

enclosed envelope made of two membranes.

122
Q

phytoplankton

A

phototrophic (plant-like). Algae and photosynthetic bacteria

123
Q

Protozoan plankton

A

heterotrophic (animal-like or heteroplankton) also called zooplankton.

124
Q

protozoan plankton

A

heterotrophic (animal-like or heteroplankton) also called zooplankton.

125
Q

what does plankton refer to?

A

eukaryotic cells

126
Q

Diploid

A

2n

127
Q

haploid

A

n; cells are called gametes

128
Q

what is a sporophye

A

(in the life cycle of plants with alternating generations) the asexual and usually diploid phase, producing spores from which the gametophyte arises.

129
Q

gametophyte

A

haploid in nature

130
Q

what is alternations of generations?

A

switching back and forth between sexual and asexual reproduction in a single organism.

131
Q

what color will an organism be if closest to the surface of the water?

A

green

132
Q

what color will organisms be if at the bottom

A

red

133
Q

when is cilia found

A

eukaryotic cells

134
Q

when is fimbriae found

A

prokaryotic cells

135
Q

what is periphyton

A

attached by mucilage to underwater surfaces (seaweeds)

136
Q

what is budding?

A

small part of the parent cell.

137
Q

what is fission?

A

equally-sized divided cell.

138
Q

what is schizogony

A

many rounds of mitosis within the parent cell, then divides all at once.

139
Q

aseptate fungi properties

A

multinucleate; nuclei divide/mitosis without cytokinesis; good for sharing nutrients; thin wall for easy ‘eating’; chitin cell wall; membrane vesicles from ER fuse with the PM.

140
Q

what is mycelium

A

a mass of hyphae

141
Q

properties of septate fungi

A

each cell has one or two nuclei; nuclear division without cytokinesis; Coenocytic hyphae

142
Q

what is dimorphic fungi

A

spore-producing hyphae in the soil.
Transform into pathogenic yeasts when mammals inhale their wind-dispersed spores.
Host body temperature triggers the change from hyphal to yeast form

143
Q

how many chitin layers in yeast

A

1 or 2; mostly made of glucan

144
Q

what is lichen

A

a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship

145
Q

what are the three major lichens

A

crustose, foliose, fruticose

146
Q

what are photosynthetic partners

A

provide organic food molecules and oxygen

147
Q

what are fungal partners

A

provide carbon dioxide, water, and minerals

148
Q

what is Mycorrhizae

A

fungi at plant roots to help gain nutrition

149
Q

what is Endomycorrhizae

A

Fungal hyphae penetrate the spaces between root cell walls and plasma membranes and grow along the outer surface of the PM.

150
Q

properties of endomycorhhizae

A

high SA due to forked branches

151
Q

properties of Ectomycorrhizae

A

Coat the root surface and grow between cells of roots.
Some species of oak, beech, pince and spruce will not grow unless their EMR partners are also present.

152
Q

Fungal endophytes properties

A

Live within the leaf and stem tissues of various plants.
Endophytes obtain organic molecules from plants.
In turn, they contribute toxins or antibiotics that deter foraging animals, insect pests, and microbial pathogens.
Plants with endophytes often grow better than plants of the same species without.

153
Q

what is a sporophyte

A

Multicellular diploid organism

154
Q

what is a gametophyte

A

Multicellular haploid organism

155
Q

what species of alternation of generations occur in

A

plants and some algae, fungi

156
Q

what is a sporangium

A

an enclosure in which spores are formed. It can be composed of a single cell or can be multicellular.

157
Q

what is sporangiospores

A

The asexual propagules that form inside a sporangium, which can be mostly spherical or cylindrical, through a process involving cleavage of the cytoplasm

158
Q

what is a gametangium

A

hyphae with gametes that fuse with mate to form zygospores (diploid). Then the sac that is formed when mated breaks open, releasing zygospores.

159
Q

what are zygospores

A

have two nuclei but they do not fuse. But when it grows into hypha, it combines.

160
Q

what do -phytes imply

A

plants/habitats

161
Q

what does -trophy imply

A

nutrition or energy source

162
Q

what is the plasmodesmada

A

the channels between two plant cells for nutrition and endoplasmic reticulum sharing.

163
Q

what are bryophytes

A

nonvascular plants; no xylem and phloem

164
Q

what are the characteristics of life

A

Cellular organization, the ability to reproduce, growth & development, energy use, homeostasis, response to their environment, and the ability to adapt.

Bio 152 (5 decks)

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