Chapter 27. 1.2.3. Flashcards
1
Q
Is a process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on earth’s surface …
A
Weathering
2
Q
A mixture of weathering rock, organic matter, water, and air is capable of supporting plant life…
A
Soil
3
Q
A removal of surface material through the process of weathering.
A
Erosion
4
Q
Rocks weather, erosional agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another
A
Sediment transport
5
Q
Where the erosional agents slows down or melts, it drops this sediment load in a process called ..
A
deposition
6
Q
A land area that gathers water for a major river is called a river’s ?
A
Drainage basin
7
Q
The movement of water parallel to the shoreline is called a ?
A
Longshore current
8
Q
- what is weathering ?
A
the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on the earth surface
9
Q
- Do rocks weather at the same rate?
A
they do not
10
Q
- WHat are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?
A
depends on rocks types, landscapes
11
Q
- What are the two types of weathering?
A
Mechanical
chemcial
12
Q
- what type of change happens with mechanical weathering?
A
Physical change
13
Q
- what type of change happens with chemical weathering ?
A
chemcial change
14
Q
- What are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering ?
A
frost wedging
Biological activity
collision
15
Q
- what causes frost wedging?
A
Occurs when water get collected in cracks of rocks then it freezes
16
Q
- what is the cycle called during frost wedging
A
17
Q
- What causes biological activity?
A
18
Q
- What causes weathering during collisions?
A
19
Q
- what are the 2 types of chemical weathering cause by?
A
20
Q
- what is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen ?
A
21
Q
- what is the chemical process called that is caused by water?
A
22
Q
- how many soils horizons?
A
23
Q
- true or false. All soils contain every soil horizon
A
24
Q
- what are the specific soil horizon contain ?
A
25
18. what does the first soil horizon contain?
26
19. What is the second horizon mostly made up of?
27
20. which layer does leaching occur?
28
21. which horizon collect materials from previous horizons?
29
22. Which layer is partially weathered bedrocK?
30
23. which layer is unweathered bedrock?
31
24. which soil horizons make up the topsoil?
32
25. Which soil horizons make up the subsoil?
33
What is the difference between weathering and erosion?
Weathering - breakdown of materials
| Erosion - removal of surface material ``
34
When the slope of a river decreases what happens to the river's speed?
It also decreases
35
What are small streams called that flow into larger rivers?
Tributaries
36
What is the land area called that gathers water for a major river?
Drainage basin
37
What is the boundary called the distinct drainage basins?
Drainage divide
38
As water flows down hill due to gravity, water erodes earth's surface creating.....?
Channels
39
What shape do young rivers carve out on earth surface due to the fast movement ?
V- shaped
40
What type of rivers are wide and smooth gently slopes?
Mature
41
When rivers flood and drop their sediment load, what type of landform is created?
Flood plains
42
What is a sediment deposit that forms the mouth of the river ?
Deltas
43
What are distributaries ?
branching channels created by delta
44
What is called when a river or stream enters dry land?
Alluvial fans
45
1. What are the two types of glaciers?
Valley Glaciers
| Continental Glaciers
46
2. Where do valley glaciers form?
Form in high, mountainous regions
47
3. Where do continental glaciers form?
ice sheets that occupy large land areas in colder climate
48
4. Where are the two continental glaciers located?
Greenland and antarctica
49
5. What is cirque?
A bowl shaped basins
50
6. What is an arete?
A long sharp ridgeline that is formed by 2 valley glaciers
51
7. What is a horn in a mountainous region?
Sharpened peaks
52
8. What shape of valley do valley glaciers form?
They create U shape valley
53
9. What are tributary glaciers?
They are small glaciers that feed into the large glaciers
54
10. What type of valleys do tributary glaciers form?
Hanging valleys
55
On which side of the sand dune does erosion occur
windward side
56
Where does deposition occur?
leeward side
57
what is deflation ?
The removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind
58
What is desert pavement ?
Where small particles are removed, the remaining surface
59
Due to wind what does the shape and size depend on ?
| What three things
Wind speed
Amount of time the wind blows
Sediment supply
60
What are three landforms created by wave erosion ?
Sea stacks
Coastal cliffs
Sea arches
61
What are two landforms that are created from wave deposition
Sand bars and sand spits
62
What are sand bars?
landforms that are parallel to the shoreline
63
What are sand spits?
Similar to sand bars, but they curve back toward land in a hook shape
64
What are some things that can cause mass wasting?
Snow
Heavy rains
Earthquakes
Human activity
65
What are some examples of mass wasting ?
rock slides
mudflows
landslides
66
A process by which water enters earth and becomes groundwater below the surface
Infiltration
67
The upper boundary if the saurated zone
Water table
68
A rock unit that can transfer water through is pore space
Aquifer
69
A material is the percentage of the material's total volume that is pore space
Poropsity
70
The process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, an object, or an event
Absolute dating
71
The process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time
Relative dating
72
States that the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past
uniformitarianism
73
States that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and the oldest rocks will be at the bottom
Principle of superposition
74
Are gaps in the rocks record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent
Unconformity
75
The remains or traces of organisms found in the geologic rock record
fossil
76
1. What are the percentage of water on earth is salt water?
97%
77
2. What percentage of water on earth is freshwater?
3%
78
3. where is the majority of freshwater found?
In the glaciers (2%)
79
4. Where is the smallest percentage of freshwater found?
In lakes, rivers, and stored as ground water (1%)
80
5. What is precipitation?
When water vapors in the air cools and condenses to form liquid water or ice crystals
Examples - Rain , snow, sleet, and hail
81
6. What is runoff?
Water running off the land surface
82
7. What is infiltration?
The process by which water enters earth and become groundwater below the surface
83
8. What is transpiration?
When plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves
84
9. What is evaporation?
When water enters the atmosphere as water vapor
85
10. What is condensation?
Where water vapors collide with other water vapor molecules to form water droplets and eventually the water droplets are heavy enough to fall precipitation
86
11. What is water cycle?`
Where water from the land enters the atmosphere and eventually returns back to land
87
12. What is unsaturated zone for groundwater storage ?A
A porous area where water easily passes through
88
13. what is a saturated zone for groundwater storage ?
Beneath the unsaturated zone, where water completely fills the pore spaces
89
14. What is water table?
the upper boundary of the saturated zone
90
15. What does it mean if sediment is permeable?
The more permeable the easier the water can pass through the ground
91
1, What is an aquifer?
A rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space
92
2. What is the name of the great Plains of Aquifer?
Ogallala Aquifer
93
3. How many states does the Great Plains Aquifer run through?
8 states
94
4. What are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifer runs through:?
```
South Dakota
Wyoming
Nebraska
Colorado
Kansas
Oklahoma
New Mexico
Texas
```
95
5. What is an aquitard?
```
is a layer of sediment that confines water
Shale layers (example)
```
96
1. How are water springs formed?
Formed where the water table naturally meets Earth's surface
97
2. What is an artesian well?
Wells drilled into pressurized aquifers
| Pressure cause water to flow
98
3. What is a cone depression?
Direction that the water flows is directed down towards the well
