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Physical Science > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earth’s surface

A

Weathering

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2
Q

a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life

A

Soil

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3
Q

the removal of surface material through the process of weathering

A

Erosion

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4
Q

as rocks weather, erosional agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another in a process

A

Sediment Transport

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5
Q

when the erosional agent slows down (in the case of water, wind, or gravity) or melts (in the case of glaciers) it drops the sediment load in a process

A

Deposition

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6
Q

the land area that gathers water for a major river

A

Drainage basin

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7
Q

the movement of water parallel to the shoreline

A

longshore current

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8
Q

Do rocks weather at the same rate?

A

NO

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9
Q

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

Rock type and Landscape

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10
Q

What are the two types of weathering?

A

Chemical and Mechanical

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11
Q

What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

Physical changes

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12
Q

What type of change happens with chemical weathering?

A

Chemical changes

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13
Q

What are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering?

A

Frost wedging, Biological activity, and Collisions

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14
Q

What causes frost wedging?

A

When water collects in the cracks of a rock and then freezes

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15
Q

What is the cycle called during frost wedging?

A

Freeze Thaw Cycles

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16
Q

What causes biological activity?

A

Plants and animals

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17
Q

What causes weathering during collisions?

A

When rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers.

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical weathering caused by?

A

Oxygen and water

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19
Q

What is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen?

A

Oxidation

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20
Q

What is the chemical process called that is caused by water?

A

Hydrolysis

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21
Q

What is parent material?

A

The material from which soil forms

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22
Q

What are soil horizons?

A

The different layers of soil

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23
Q

How many soil horizons are there?

A

6

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24
Q

True or False.All soils contain every soil horizon?

A

False

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25
Q

What are the specific soil horizons?

A

O, A, E, B, C, and R

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26
Q

What does the first soil horizon contain?

A

Organic material

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27
Q

What is the second horizon mostly made up of?

A

Minerals

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28
Q

Which layer does leaching occur?

A

E

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29
Q

Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?

A

B

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30
Q

Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?

A

C

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31
Q

Which layer is unweathered bedrock?

A

R

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32
Q

Which soil horizons make up the topsoil?

A

O and A

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33
Q

Which soil horizons make up the subsoil?

A

E and B

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34
Q

Which soil horizons make up the true soil?

A
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35
Q

What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

A

Weathering is the breakdown of materials and erosion is the removal of surface material.

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36
Q

If the slope of a river decreases what will happen to the rivers speed?

A

It will decrease

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37
Q

Small streams that flow into larger rivers are called?

A

Tributaries

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38
Q

Land area that gathers water for a major river is called?

A

Drainage Basin

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39
Q

A boundary that separates distinct drainage basins is called?

A

Drainage divide

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40
Q

As water flows, downhill under the influence of gravity, water, erodes earth’s surface creating?

A

Channels

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41
Q

Young rivers are blank due to the fast movement?

A

V-shaped

42
Q

what rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes?

A

Mature

43
Q

What type of landform is created when rivers flood and drop their sediment load

A

Flood Plains

44
Q

What is a fan shaped sediment deposit that forms at the mouth of the river?

A

Deltas

45
Q

What are distributaries?

A

Branching channels created by deltas

46
Q

What forms where the moth of a river or stream enters a dry land?

A

Alluvial Fans

47
Q

What are the two types of glaciers?

A

continental and valley glaciers

48
Q

Where do valley glaciers form?

A

High mountainous regions

49
Q

Where do continental glaciers form?

A

In colder climates and occupy large land areas

50
Q

Where are the two continental glaciers located?

A

Greenland and Antarctica

51
Q

What is a cirque?

A

Bowl shaped basins

52
Q

What is an arete?

A

Long sharp ridge line between valley glaciers

53
Q

What is a horn in a mountainous region?

A

Sharpen peeks

54
Q

What shape of valley do valley glaciers form?

A

U shaped valleys

55
Q

What are tributary glaciers?

A

small glaciers that feed into large glaciers

56
Q

What type of valleys do tributary glaciers form?

A

hanging valleys

57
Q

Which side of a sand dune does erosion occur?

A

windward side

58
Q

Which side of a sand dune does deposition occur on?

A

leeward side

59
Q

What is deflation?

A

the removal of small particles by wind

60
Q

What causes desert pavement?

A

when small particles are removed

61
Q

The shape and sizes and land forms depends on

A

wind speed, amount of time the wind blows, and sediment supply

62
Q

What are three land forms created by wave erosion?

A

coastal cliffs, sea arches, and sea stacks

63
Q

What are two examples of wave deposition?

A

Sand bars and sand spits

64
Q

What are sand bars?

A

land forms that are parallel to the shoreline

65
Q

What are sand spits

A

sand spits curve back toward land in a hook shape.

66
Q

What are some things that can cause mass wasting?

A

Snow, heavy rains, earthquakes, or human activity.

67
Q

What are some examples of mass wasting?

A

rock slides, mud flows, and landslides

68
Q

the process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

A

Infiltration

69
Q

the upper boundary of the saturated zone

A

water table

70
Q

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

A

aquifer

71
Q

a material is the percentage of the material total volume that is pore space

A

porosity

72
Q

the process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, an object, or an event

A

absolute dating

73
Q

the process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time

A

relative dating

74
Q

which states that the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past

A

uniformitarianism

75
Q

states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top land the oldest rocks will be at the bottom

A

principle of superposition

76
Q

gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent

A

unconformities

77
Q

the remains or traces of organisms found in the geologic rock record

A

fossils

78
Q

What percentage of water on earth is salt water?

A

97%

79
Q

What percentage of water on earth is freshwater?

A

3%

80
Q

Where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found?

A

lakes, rivers, and stored as ground water

81
Q

Where is the majority of freshwater found?

A

1%, found in lakes rivers, and stored as ground water

82
Q

What is precipitation?

A

When water vapor in the air cools and condenses

83
Q

What is runoff?

A

Where water runs off the land surface

84
Q

What is infiltration?

A

Where water enters earth and becomes ground water

85
Q

What is transpiration?

A

When plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves

86
Q

What is evaporation?

A

When water enters the atmosphere as water vapor

87
Q

What is condensation?

A

When water vapor collides with other water vapor molecules to form water droplets

88
Q

What is the water cycle?

A

Where water on the land enters the atmosphere and returns back land

89
Q

What is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage?

A

a porous area where water easily passes through

90
Q

What is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?

A

beneath the unsaturated zone, where water completely fills the pore space

91
Q

What is a water table?

A

the upper boundary of the saturated zone

92
Q

What does it mean if sediment is permeable?

A

the permeable sediment, is the easy water can pass through

93
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

94
Q

What is the name of the the great plains aquifer?

A

Ogallala Aquifer

95
Q

How many states does the Great Plains Aquifer run through?

A

8 states

96
Q

What are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifers run through?

A

South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas

97
Q

What is an aquitard?

A

keeps water confined

98
Q

How are water springs formed?

A

Where the water table naturally meets Earth surface

99
Q

What is an artesian well?

A

When we drill into a pressurized aquifers

100
Q

What is a cone of depression?

A

The direction that the water flows is directed down toward the well

Physical Science (6 decks)

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