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Physical Science > chapter 26 > Flashcards

chapter 26 Flashcards

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1
Q

a naturally occuring inorganic solid with a crystalline form

A

Mineral

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2
Q

the color of a mineral in powered form

A

streak

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3
Q

When a mineral breaks along preffered planes of weakness creating sets of smooth parallel sides

A

cleavage

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4
Q

minerals that break with irregular surfaces exhibit

A

Fracture

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5
Q

the physical property that measure a minerals resistance to scratching

A

Hardness

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6
Q

molten rock material inside Earth

A

Magma

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7
Q

A mineral is

A

a naturally occurring inorganic solid with crystalline form.

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8
Q

What are the two most abundant elements that make up Earth’s crust?

A

Silicon and oxygen

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9
Q

What does inorganic mean?

A

the material are not living.

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10
Q

What does the arrangement of an atom and the bonds between them reflect about a mineral?

A

How a mineral breaks, how hard it is, and what types of crystal shape it has

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11
Q

What are all of the ways to identify minerals?

A

luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, atomic arrangement, crystal shape, and hardness

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12
Q

What are the two types of luster?

A

metallic and nonmetallic

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13
Q

How does metallic luster reflect light?

A

Very easily, like a metal surface

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14
Q

How does nonmetallic luster reflect light?

A

Glassy, appear earthy or waxy

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15
Q

How do you preform a streak test ?

A

rub a mineral on an unglazed, white porcelain tile

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16
Q

What are the two types of breakage that can happen to minerals?

A

cleavage and fracture

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17
Q

What is the name of the scale to measure the hardness of a mineral?

A

Mohs scale

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18
Q

what is the number range on Mohs Scale of hardness?

A

1 to 10

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19
Q

How many different crystal shape systems are there?

A

6

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20
Q

Minerals grow from the

A

inside out

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21
Q

What are the 3 ways minerals can form?

A

Hot water, evaporation, and molten rock

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22
Q

What are the two mineral groups?

A

silicates and nonsilicates

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23
Q

Which mineral group is the most abundant in Earth’s crust?

A

silicates

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24
Q

What elements are silicates made up of?

A

oxygen and silicon

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25
Q

Nonsilicates do not contain what element?

A

silicon

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26
Q

What mineral is used to make glass?

A

Quartz

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27
Q

Define rock

A

a naturally formed mixture that can contain minerals, rock fragments, and volcanic glass bound together.

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28
Q

How are rocks identified?

A

based on their texture and composition

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29
Q

What does the texture of a rock describe about a rock?

A

the size, shape, and arrangement of the rock’s components

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30
Q

Where do intrusive igneous rocks form?

A

within Earth’s crust

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31
Q

What type of molten rock does intrusive igneous rocks form from?

A

Magma

32
Q

What is the name of the series that illustrates simultaneous crystallization of silicate minerals?

A

Bowen’s reaction serious

33
Q

What are the 3 types of magma?

A

Mafic, intermediate, and Felsic

34
Q

Which magma type has a low silica content?

A

Mafic

35
Q

Which magma type has a high silica content?

A

Felsic

36
Q

Which type of crust has an abundant amount of quartz?

oceanic or continental

A

continental

37
Q

Which type of crust has little to no quartz?

oceanic or continental

A

Oceanic

38
Q

Which type of igneous rock has a coarse grained texture?

A

intrusive igneous rock

39
Q

Which type of igneous rock has a fine grained texture?

A

Extrusive igneous rock

40
Q

Do fine grained rocks cool slowly or quickly?

A

quickly

41
Q

What are the two specific texture types for extrusive igneous rock?

A

fine grained and aphanitic

42
Q

Which texture is the type with holes left behind because of rapid cooling?

A

fine grained

43
Q

Which texture is the type with two different crystal sizes because of different cooling rates.

A

Extrusive rock texture

44
Q

What type of rock has a vesicular holey texture?

A

pumice

45
Q

Define clasts

A

small rock and mineral fragments

46
Q

What types of erosion are rocks on Earth’s surface exposed to?

A

water, wind, and other forces

47
Q

What does it mean if clasts are being transported?

A

they often become rounded before being deposited

48
Q

What does it mean if clasts are being deposited?

A

they can be smashed together with great force

49
Q

Define pore space

A

The empty space between clasts

50
Q

Define Compaction

A

The process by which clasts stick together due to the weight of overlying material

51
Q

Define cementation

A

Minerals precipitate slowly out of a water solution and crystallize in the spaces between clasts in a process

52
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

compaction and cementation work together

53
Q

What is another name for clasts?

A

Detritus

54
Q

What are sedimentary rocks called that are mostly made of clasts?

A

Detrital sedimentary rocks

55
Q

What is the decreasing size of clasts?

A

gravel, sand, silt, or clay

56
Q

Which clasts size would be deposited first?

A

sediment layers above

57
Q

What are 4 common detrital sedimentary rocks?

A

sandstone, siltstone, shale, and conglomerate

58
Q

How are chemical sedimentary rocks formed?

A

from water that contains dissolved solids

59
Q

If sedimentary rocks contain remains of living organisms what are they called?

A

biochemical sedimentary rocks

60
Q

What are 2 common biochemical sedimentary rocks?

A

limestone and coal

61
Q

What are the 3 types of sedimentary rocks?

A

sandstone, limestone, and shale

62
Q

Metamorphic rock is changed by a combination of which 3 things?

A

Heat, pressure, and chemical reactions

63
Q

Which types of rocks can be changed by metamorphism?

A

Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

64
Q

What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over large areas?

A

regional metamorphism

65
Q

What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over small changes?

A

contact metamorphism

66
Q

When shale is compressed, which type of metamorphic rock is created?

A

Slate

67
Q

What are the two types of metamorphic rock textures?

A

foliated, and non foliated

68
Q

Define foliated texture

A

Crystals that are arranged in layers and bands.

69
Q

Define nonfoliated texture

A

Crystals with more random orientations

70
Q

Metamorphic rocks are mainly classified based on which two things?

A

Texture and composition

71
Q

Define rock cycle

A

The continual changing of rocks from one type to another

72
Q

Which types of rocks are part of the rock cycle?

A

Igneous rock, sedimentary rock, and metamorphic rock

73
Q

What are the 3 types of rocks?

A

Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

74
Q

Which type of rocks form from molten rock?

A

Igneous rock

75
Q

Which types of rocks are formed from clasts, precipitation, or compressed once living matter?

A

Sedimentary rock

76
Q

Which types of rocks are formed from heat, pressure, and chemical reactions?

A

Metamorphic rock

77
Q

What can form from hot water, evaporation, or molten rock?

A

Minerals

Physical Science (6 decks)

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