Chapter 26 Taxonomy and Systematics

Question 1

The science of describing, naming, and classifying species

Answer 1

Taxonomy

Question 2

Species that still exist today are classified as…

Answer 2

extant

Question 3

Species hat have died out are known as…

Answer 3

Extinct

Question 4

All species are placed into progressively smaller hierarchical groups. A group at any level is called

Answer 4

Taxon

Question 5

Today, all forms of life are groups into one of 3

Answer 5

Domains

Question 6

The three domains

Answer 6

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Question 7

After domains, there are seven groups that contain various types of protists.

Answer 7

Supergroups

Question 8

within domain eukarya, there are three

Answer 8

Kingdoms

Question 9

The remaining taxa (after kingdom) are (in order from most inclusive to least inclusive):

Answer 9

Phylum
    Class
    Order
    Family
    Genus
    Species

Question 10

The standard method for naming species

Answer 10

Binomial nomenclature

Question 11

The evolutionary history of a species or a group of species

Answer 11

Phylogeny

Question 12

A phylogeny can be represented by a diagram called a…

Answer 12

phylogenetic tree.

Question 13

The branch points in a phylogenetic tree are called

Answer 13

Nodes

Question 14

a common ancestral species and all of its descendents.

Answer 14

A clade

Question 15

A type of phylogenetic tree built on similarities and differences between organisms

Answer 15

Cladogram

Question 16

A character that is shared by two or more different taxa and is present in the most primitive ancestor

Answer 16

Symplesiomorphy

Question 17

A character that is shared by two ore more different taxa and is NOT present the most primitive ancestor (but is present in the most recent ancestor)

Answer 17

Synapomorphy

Question 18

A group whose evolutionary relationships we wish to understand

Answer 18

Ingroup

Question 19

The ingroup is compared to organisms who lack one or more shared derived characters found in the ingroup.

Answer 19

Outgroup

Question 20

When one or more possible cladograms can be constructed, the hypothesis that should be used is the one that is simplest for all characters.

Answer 20

Principle of Parsimony

Question 21

Phylogeny

Answer 21

Hypothesis of evolutionary history of organism, including which species are closely related and in what order species evolved.

Question 22

Darwin’s idea of “descent with modification”

Answer 22

All organisms have an evolutionary history, and that shared traits among organisms.

Question 23

Principle of Parsimony

Answer 23

Hypothesis that simplest explanation of history of evolution…organisms share ancestors of commonality.

Question 24

Cladogram

Answer 24

A graphic representation of a proposed phylogeny.

Question 25

Top of Cladogram

Answer 25

Extant–Alive today

Question 26

Root of Cladogram

Answer 26

Some time ago, not today.

Question 27

Horizontal distance

Answer 27

Divergence

Question 28

Node

Answer 28

Branches–reproductive isolation mechanism

Question 29

Character state

Answer 29

Any aspect of the phenotype (or genotyope) that can exist in distinct “states.” Yes/No answers….no ambiguity.

Question 30

Polarizing Character States

Answer 30

Assign a 1. Differentiates the ingroup from the outgroup.

Question 31

Clade

Answer 31

Any group of organisms in the same cladogram (must be from ingroup–can’t include outgroup)

Question 32

Symplesiomorphy

Answer 32

A shared ancestral trait by a clade that is also present in the outgroup. (Simple)

Question 33

Synapomorphy

Answer 33

Trait that is shared by a clade that is NOT present in outgroup.