Chapter 25 Macroevolution

Question 1

Evolutionary changes that produce new species and groups of new species

Answer 1

Macroevolution / Speciation

Question 2

a group of related organisms that share a distinct set of attributes.

Answer 2

Species

Question 3

A taxon below the species level are geographically isolated groups of the same species that display at least one distinct difference, but are different enough to be considered separate species.

Answer 3

Subspecies

Question 4

prevents one species from successfully breeding with other species.

Answer 4

Reproductive Isolation

Question 5

a species is a group of individuals whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another to produce viable fertile offspring but cannot interbreed with other species.

Answer 5

Biological Species Concept

Question 6

mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between different species.

Answer 6

Reproductive Isolating Mechanism

Question 7

they prevent the formation of a zygote

Answer 7

Prezygotic Isolating Mechanism

Question 8

they block the development of a viable fertilized cell

Answer 8

Postzygotic Isolating Mechanism

Question 9

When two species do produce offspring

Answer 9

Interspecies Hybrid

Question 10

Taxonomy and Classification

Answer 10

Linnaean systems to organize living systems based on “likeness”

Question 11

Taxonomy

Answer 11

Classification

Question 12

Nomenclature

Answer 12

Naming

Question 13

Linnaean Taxa (All 8 in order)

Answer 13

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great…Sushi.

Question 14

Linnaean Nomenclature (binomial)

Answer 14

First name is genus

Second name is Species

Question 15

Rules of binomial nomenclature

Answer 15

1. Only first letter is capitalized
2. Both names must be italicized or underlined.
3. Can abbreviate genus if already used once.

Question 16

Three Domain Systems

Answer 16

Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, Domain Eukarya

Question 17

Domain Bacteria

Answer 17

Prokaryotic unicellular organisms with cell walls composed of peptidoglycan (protein/sugar, kinda)

Question 18

Domain Archaea

Answer 18

Prokaryotic unicellular organisms with cell walls NOT made of peptidoglycan and plasma membranes composed of meterial other than phospholipids. Newish. Plasma is for ability to live in extreme conditions. Non-pathenogenic

Question 19

Domain Eukarya

Answer 19

Eukaryotic organisms (cells with nuclei)
--There are both unicellular and multicellular organisms in the domain.

Question 20

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Protista

Answer 20

• (mostly) no cell walls
• Photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic
• Unicellular (mostly)
• Most are motile–able to move
  
  • -Currently a “catch-all” group
  • -Do not ingest food
  • -No division of labor in multicellular organisms

Question 21

Kingdom Plantae

Answer 21

• Cell walls made of cellulose
• Photosynthetic
• Multicellular
• Have tissues

Question 22

Kingdom Fungi

Answer 22

• Cell wall made of chitin (Kite-en) sugar
• non-photosynthetic
• Unicellular and multicellular

Question 23

Kingdom Animalia

Answer 23

• No cell walls
• Non-Photosynthetic
• Multicellular
• (Ingestion and division of labor)

Question 24

Biological Species Concept

Answer 24

Defines a species as groups of populations that have the potential to interbreed and that are reproductively isolated from other groups. (will produce viable offspring

Question 25

Limitations of biological species concept

Answer 25

``` asexual organisms obligate parasites (viruses, bacteria) ```

Question 26

Advantage of Biological species Concept

Answer 26

Testable

Question 27

Speciation

Answer 27

development of new species

Question 28

Classic Speciation Hypothesis

Answer 28

1. In some cases, speciation may occur due to abrupt events, such as changes in chromosome number, that cause reproductive isolation. 2. Species arise as a consequence of adaptation to different ecological niches. For sexually reproducing organisms. reproductive isolation is typically a by-product of that adaptation.

Question 29

Reproductive Isolation

Answer 29

When organisms no longer mate with each other or when they do mate, they can't produce fertile offspring.

Question 30

Divergence is what type of process

Answer 30

Microevolutionary process

Question 31

Zygote

Answer 31

Diploid cell that occurs when two haploid cells merge.

Question 32

Prezygotic isolation

Answer 32

Occurs before a zygote forms.

Question 33

Postzygotic Isolation

Answer 33

Occurs after a zygote forms. (mule)

Question 34

Type of Prezygotic isolation

Answer 34

Behavior-mating rituals Habitat Isolation Size-Mechanical Isolation-Reproductive organs must be compatible. Temporal Isolation timing of reproduction Gamete Isolation-Gametes can't physically combine, Sperm need to mat egg ligand receptor.

Question 35

Hybrid Inviability

Answer 35

Zygote is formed, but fails to develop into a viable hybrid.

Question 36

Hybrid Sterility

Answer 36

Offspring (interspecies hybrids) are created, but offspring are sterile often due to chromosome incompatibility. Mules and Ligers

Question 37

Hybrid Breakdown

Answer 37

The F1 interspecies hybrids are viable and fertile but succeeding generations are inviable. Mostly develop early cancers.