Chapter 24 Population Genetics

Question 1

heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population over time.

Answer 1

Biological Evolution

Question 2

group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same environment at the same time.

Answer 2

Population

Question 3

All of the alleles for every gene in a given population make up the population’s…

Answer 3

Gene Pool

Question 4

mathematical calculation calculated as the number of copies of a specific allele in a given population divided by the total number of alleles for that gene in a population.

Answer 4

Allele Frequency

Question 5

mathematical calculation calculated as the number of individuals with a particular genotype in a given population divided by the total number of individuals in a population.

Answer 5

Genotype Frequency

Question 6

if 5 criteria are met (see bullet list on pg. 481) then the allele and genotype frequencies for a given population will remain stable and unchanged.

Answer 6

Hardy-Weingberg equation

Question 7

Changes in a population’s gene pool

Answer 7

Microevolution

Question 8

the process in which individuals with certain heritable traits tend to survive and reproduce at a greater rate than those without those traits (sometimes known as survival of the fittest).

Answer 8

Natural Selection

Question 9

changes in populations that increase their ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

Answer 9

Adaptations

Question 10

the relative likelihood that its genotype will contribute to the gene pool of the next generation.

Answer 10

An organism’s “fitness”

Question 11

changes in allele frequency in a population due to random chance.

Answer 11

Genetic Drift

Question 12

the result of drastic reduction of the size of the gene pool due things such as hunting, environmental catastrophe, etc.

Answer 12

Bottleneck Effect

Question 13

the result of a small group of individuals separating from a larger population and establishing a new population

Answer 13

Founder Effect

Question 14

Because the results of gene drift do not result in adaptation of the population for a given environment it is sometimes referred to as…

Answer 14

neutral variation / non-Darwinian evolution (or survival of the luckiest).

Question 15

the transfer of alleles into or out of a population.

Answer 15

Gene Flow

Question 16

a situation in which mates are chosen, rather than one in which the likelihood of a mating between any two individuals is equally likely (a specific example of this is inbreeding).

Answer 16

Nonrandom Mating

Question 17

Theory of Biological Evolution

Answer 17

Genetic change in a Population over time

Question 18

Microevolution

Answer 18

What determines how a species changes over time. Doesn’t necessarily mean “small” or short time period.

Question 19

Macroevolution

Answer 19

Speciation–Where do new species come from? Doesn’t necessarily mean “big” change or “long” time period.

Question 20

Evolution assumes

Answer 20

Life already existed. Doesn’t explain where the first thing came from.

Question 21

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Answer 21

Mathematical model that predicts that allele frequencies within a population’s gene pool are inherently stable.

Question 22

5 Parts of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Answer 22

1. No mutations occur
2. No selection occurs (none can be better at reproduction)
3. Population is large (so no drift occurs)
4. No migration occurs
5. Mating is random

Question 23

When microevolution is taking place…

Answer 23

Alleles frequencies in a population are changing over time.

Question 24

Mutation

Answer 24

Source of all new alleles

Relatively low rates in eukaryotic organisms

Question 25

Gene Flow

Answer 25

Migration of alleles or individuals from one group to another.
Emigration
Immigration

Question 26

Genetic Drift

Answer 26

Allele frequency may change by chance alone. Most impactful in a small popluation.

Question 27

Founder Effect

Answer 27

Type of Genetic drift

Physical move of organisms

Question 28

Bottleneck Effect

Answer 28

Type of Genetic drift

Same location but population reduction

Question 29

Nonrandom Mating

Answer 29

When mating pairings are Not Random, but are NOT a result of selection. Ie Inbreeding.

Question 30

Selection

Answer 30

Some individuals leave behind more progeny than others, and the rate at which they do so is affected by phenotype and behavior.

Question 31

Artificial Selection

Answer 31

Type of selection

Human preference are selective pressure

Question 32

Natural Selection

Answer 32

Type of selection

Fitness is selective pressure (decreases diversity)

Question 33

Conditions required for natural selection (modern description)

Answer 33

1. Must be genetic variation in a population

2. There must be a selective pressure which results in one or more phenotypes having higher fitness.