CHapter 2.6 Specialised cells

Question 1

Define ‘tissue’

Answer 1

Collection of cells and their secretions that perform a common function

Question 2

Define ‘organ’

Answer 2

Collection of tissues working together to perform a particular function

Question 3

What is the xylem tissue compiled of?

Answer 3

Xylem vessels, parenchyma cells, dead cells

Question 4

What is the phloem tissue compiled of?

Answer 4

Sieve tubes, companion cells

Question 5

What does phloem carry?

Answer 5

Photosynthesis products

Question 6

What does xylem carry?

Answer 6

Water

Question 7

What are squamous epithelial cells for?

Answer 7

Line blood vessels and alveoli + sit on a basement membrane of collagen and glycoproteins

Question 8

Where are ciliated epithelial cells found?

Answer 8

Trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

Question 9

What are stem cells?

Answer 9

Unspecialised cells that renew themselves for long periods through cell division (mitosis)

Question 9

Name the four types of stem cells

Answer 9

Totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, unipotent

Question 10

Outline what a totipotent stem cell is

Answer 10

Zygotes and early-stage embryos - can make all cell types

Question 11

Outline what a pluripotent stem cell is

Answer 11

Capable of producing all cells derived from a particular layer eg. mesoderm, endoderm

Question 12

Outline what a multipotent stem cell is

Answer 12

Can make a restricted range of related cell types eg. haemopoietic stem cells make RBC, WBC and platelets

Question 13

Outline what a unipotent stem cell is

Answer 13

Able to make only one cell type eg. muscle stem cells

Question 14

How long after fertilisation can embryonic stem cells be found?

Answer 14

3-5 day old embryos

Question 15

Where can adult stem cells be found?

Answer 15

Bone marrow, muscles and brain

Question 16

Generally, what type of stem cell are adult stem cells?

Answer 16

Multipotent

Question 17

Give an example of what adult stem cells can treat

Answer 17

Leukemia

Question 18

Give an example of what embryonic stem cells can treat

Answer 18

Parkinson’s

Question 19

Give three ways that erythrocyte’s are adapted to their function

Answer 19

• Specialised for transport of O2
• Bio-concave shape, small shape to fit through capillaries
• Packed with haemoglobin

Question 20

Outline three ways that neutrophils are adapted to their function

Answer 20

• Specialised for defence
• Phagocytosis of bacteria which are then digested
• Move to site of infection

Question 21

How are squamous epithelial cells adapted to their function?

Answer 21

One cell thick to allow rapid diffusion of molecules eg oxygen

Question 22

How are ciliated epithelial cells adapted to their function?

Answer 22

Cilia beat rhythmically to waft mucus upwards
goblet cells produce mucus to trap particles

Question 23

How are sperm cells adapted to their function?

Answer 23

Tail for rapid movement, Many mitochondria for energy supply, acrosome on the head that contains enzymes to digest protective layers of the egg

Question 24

How are palisade cells adapted to their function?

Answer 24

Thin walls increase rate of diffusion, Large vacuole to maintain turgor pressure, Lots of chloroplasts

Question 25

How are guard cells adapted to their function?

Answer 25

Change shape to control loss of water