Chapter 26 : Digestive System Flashcards by lauren lover

What are the components of the digestive tract in the oral cavity?

teeth
tounge
salivary glands

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What is the order of the digestive system?

Oral cavity > Pharynx > Esophagus > Stomach > Small intestines > Large intestines > rectum > anal canal.

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what components are associated with the small intestines in the digestive system?

Liver
gallbladder
pancreas

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What are the digestive processes?

ingestion 
propulsion
digestion
absorption
elimination

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what are the types of digestion?

mechanical

chemical

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What does the pulp in teeth contain?

nerves
blood vessels
soft connective tissue

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what is the hardest substance in the body and what does it contain to make it so tough?

enamel

calcium phosphate

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How many teeth do young children have?

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How many teeth to adults have?

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what is the job of teeth in the digestive system?

mechanical processing of food

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What are the names of the different kinds of teeth and how many of each are there?

8 incisors
4 cuspid (canine)
8 bicuspid (premolars)
12 molars

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___ contain taste buds

papillae

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What are the salivary glands of the oral cavity?

parotid salivary gland
sublingual salivary gland
submandibular salivary gland

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What is found in saliva?

mucins
electrolytes
antibodies
enzymes

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__ is an enzyme that begins chemical digestion complex carbohydrates

salivary amylase

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__ is an enzyme made by the tongue begins chemical breakdown of triglycerides.

lingual lipase

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Serosa epithelium is also called what?

visceral peritoneum

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__ is a muscular tube leading from the mouth to the stomach.

Esophagus

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does the esophagus contribute to digestion?

No, it is all about propulsion

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movement of food mass involves of muscular contractions called what?

peristalsis

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circular muscle contracts behind or in front of a food mass in the esophagus?

behind

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contraction of longitudinal muscle occurs behind or in front of a food mass?

in front

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__ is a protective stratified squamous epithelium layer in the esophagus?

mucosa

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__ is areolar connective tissue in the esophagus.

submucosa

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muscularis externa is composed of what?

circular layer | longitudinal layer

__ is fibrous connective tissue with no serosa in the esophagus

adventitia

the entrance and exit of the esophagus are regulated by what?

sphincters

What are the two sphincters in the esophagus called?

upper esophageal sphincter (UES) | Lower esophageal sphincter ( also known as, gastroesophageal, cardiac sphinctor)

What is it called when acid and stomach contents back up into the esophagus?

G.E.R.D (gastroesophageal reflux disease)

what is the abdominal region called?

peritoneum

what are the two layers of the peritoneum?

parietal and visceral peritoneum

the stomach is in the shape of a J which is defined by the __ and __.

greater curvature | lesser curvature

what are the four regions of the stomach?

cardiac fundus body pyloric

what are the three layers of the muscularis externa os the stomach?

longitudinal layer (top) circular (middle) oblique (bottom)

why is the oblique layer of the stomach unique?

it adds a twisting motion to the stomach for mechanical digestion

what are the two muscular valves that control what enters and exits the stomach?

lower esophageal sphincter (also called cardiac or gastroesophageal sphincter) pyloric region

what is the highly folded mucosal layer of the stomach called?

rugae

what are the laters of the stomach wall?

mucosa submucosa muscularis externa serosa

what are the components of the mucosa?

gastric pit epithelium lamina propria gastric gland

what are the important epithelial cells of the gastric gland?

surface mucus cells parietal cells chief cells enteroendocrine cells

the four epithelial cells of the gastric gland make secretions. All of these secretions mixed together with food to make what?

chyme

what do surface mucus cells secrete?

thick alkaline mucus that protects the mucosa of the stomach from harsh acids side the stomach

what do the parietal cells of the gastric glands secrete?

hydrochloric acid - kills microorganisms that were swallowed - natures proteins Intrinsic factors are made for the absorption of B12 in the small intestine

what do chief cells of the mucosa secrete?

pepsinogen (precursor of the enzyme peptin) | - break down proteins into smaller pieces

what do enteroendocrine cells of the mucosa secrete?

gastrin, somatostatin, histamine, several paracrine and endocrine hormones. - regulate overall activity of stomach and small intestine

what are the digestive functions of the stomach?

chemical breakdown of proteins begins - HCL unfolds proteins - pepsin chops them to smaller pieces

T/F the stomach absorbs a lot of nutrients?

what does the stomach absorb?

Aspirin | some alcohol since it is lipid soluble

The erosion of the mucosal lining in the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum is called what?

Peptic ulcers

Most cases of Peptic ulcers involve what?

H. plyori bacteria

what does H. plyori bacteria cause?

chronic inflammation of the mucosa | compromises the integrity of natural defenses (esp mucus production)

what are the three sections of the small intestine?

duodenum jejunum ileum

where does bile come from?

liver and gallbladder

how long is the duodenum?

10 inch - 1 ft

what does the duodenum do?

"mixing bowl" where chyme is mixed with pancreatic secretions and bile

what are the circular folds of the submucosa in the small intestine called?

plicae

how long is the jejunum?

7.5-8 ft

what is the job of the jejunum is the small intestine?

most of the chemical digestion and absorption of organic nutrients takes place

what one of the important features of the jejunum that helps in absorption?

lots of folding to increase surface area

what are the folds of the plica called?

villi

how long is the ileum?

11-12ft

what is the job of the ileum?

continued absorption, specifically the absorption of vitamin B12

what is the folding of the ileum like in the small intestine?

still has microvilli and plicae, but plicae is less prominent.

what kind of special lymphatic tissue is found in the ileum?

preyers patches (MALT tissue)

what are the four parts of the large intestine?

cecum colon rectum anal canal

what are the four sections of the colon?

ascending transverse descending sigmoid

what are some features of the large intestine

mucosal layer isnt folded | has a lot of goblet cells to make mucus

what are the main functions of the large intestine?

- reabsorb water - absorb some vitamins made by the bacteria living in the large intestine - conversion of organic wastes - storage of fecal matter

what vitamins does the large intestine absorb?

Vit K biotin Vit B5

what does the large intestines convert organic wastes into?

- bilirubin into (stercobiliins and urobiliins) | - protein leftovers (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, indole/skatole)

what contributes to the brown color of fecal matter?

stercobilins

what kind of muscle does the anal canal have?

smooth muscle and skeletal muscle

what are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

pancreas liver gallbladder

what is meant by the pancreas is a dual glandular organ?

it is involved in the digestive and endocrine system

what kind of cells in the pancreas makes digestive enzymes and buffers?

pancreatic acini

what does the pancreatic acini use to dump into the duodenum?

the pancreatic duct

what cells in the pancreas creates hormones that regulate blood glucose levels?

pancreatic islets

what hormones do the pancreatic islets make?

insulin | glucagon

what are the four lobes of the liver?

right lobe left lobe caudate lobe quadrate lobe

what is the major destination for digestive system venous blood?

Hepatic portal vein

the liver is divided into functional units called ___.

lobules

what makes up the portal triad

bile duct portal venule portal arteriole

the direction of the blood through the lobule makes its way to the

central vein

what are the functions of the liver?

metabolic regulation hematological regulation bile production

the __ is used as storage and concentration of bile from the liver.

gallbladder

what is the flow pattern of the bile duct system?

1. L and R hepatic ducts merge to form common hepatic duct 2. common hepatic and cystic ducts merge to common bile duct 3. pancreatic duct merges with the common bile duct at the hepatopancreatic ampulla 4. bile and pancreatic juices enter duodenum at the major duodenal papilla

what is another term for gallstones found in the gallbladder?

cholelithiasis

what are cholelithiasis made of?

cholesterol