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Anatomy Exam #4 > Chapter 26 : Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 26 : Digestive System Flashcards

0
Q

What are the components of the digestive tract in the oral cavity?

A

teeth
tounge
salivary glands

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1
Q

What is the order of the digestive system?

A

Oral cavity > Pharynx > Esophagus > Stomach > Small intestines > Large intestines > rectum > anal canal.

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2
Q

what components are associated with the small intestines in the digestive system?

A

Liver
gallbladder
pancreas

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3
Q

What are the digestive processes?

A 
ingestion 
propulsion
digestion
absorption
elimination
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4
Q

what are the types of digestion?

A

mechanical

chemical

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5
Q

What does the pulp in teeth contain?

A

nerves
blood vessels
soft connective tissue

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6
Q

what is the hardest substance in the body and what does it contain to make it so tough?

A

enamel

calcium phosphate

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7
Q

How many teeth do young children have?

A

20

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8
Q

How many teeth to adults have?

A

32

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9
Q

what is the job of teeth in the digestive system?

A

mechanical processing of food

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10
Q

What are the names of the different kinds of teeth and how many of each are there?

A

8 incisors
4 cuspid (canine)
8 bicuspid (premolars)
12 molars

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11
Q

___ contain taste buds

A

papillae

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12
Q

What are the salivary glands of the oral cavity?

A

parotid salivary gland
sublingual salivary gland
submandibular salivary gland

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13
Q

What is found in saliva?

A

mucins
electrolytes
antibodies
enzymes

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14
Q

__ is an enzyme that begins chemical digestion complex carbohydrates

A

salivary amylase

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15
Q

__ is an enzyme made by the tongue begins chemical breakdown of triglycerides.

A

lingual lipase

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16
Q

Serosa epithelium is also called what?

A

visceral peritoneum

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17
Q

__ is a muscular tube leading from the mouth to the stomach.

A

Esophagus

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18
Q

does the esophagus contribute to digestion?

A

No, it is all about propulsion

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19
Q

movement of food mass involves of muscular contractions called what?

A

peristalsis

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20
Q

circular muscle contracts behind or in front of a food mass in the esophagus?

A

behind

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21
Q

contraction of longitudinal muscle occurs behind or in front of a food mass?

A

in front

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22
Q

__ is a protective stratified squamous epithelium layer in the esophagus?

A

mucosa

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23
Q

__ is areolar connective tissue in the esophagus.

A

submucosa

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24
Q

muscularis externa is composed of what?

A

circular layer

longitudinal layer

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25
Q

__ is fibrous connective tissue with no serosa in the esophagus

A

adventitia

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26
Q

the entrance and exit of the esophagus are regulated by what?

A

sphincters

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27
Q

What are the two sphincters in the esophagus called?

A

upper esophageal sphincter (UES)

Lower esophageal sphincter ( also known as, gastroesophageal, cardiac sphinctor)

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28
Q

What is it called when acid and stomach contents back up into the esophagus?

A

G.E.R.D (gastroesophageal reflux disease)

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29
Q

what is the abdominal region called?

A

peritoneum

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30
Q

what are the two layers of the peritoneum?

A

parietal and visceral peritoneum

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31
Q

the stomach is in the shape of a J which is defined by the __ and __.

A

greater curvature

lesser curvature

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32
Q

what are the four regions of the stomach?

A

cardiac
fundus
body
pyloric

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33
Q

what are the three layers of the muscularis externa os the stomach?

A

longitudinal layer (top)
circular (middle)
oblique (bottom)

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34
Q

why is the oblique layer of the stomach unique?

A

it adds a twisting motion to the stomach for mechanical digestion

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35
Q

what are the two muscular valves that control what enters and exits the stomach?

A

lower esophageal sphincter (also called cardiac or gastroesophageal sphincter)
pyloric region

36
Q

what is the highly folded mucosal layer of the stomach called?

A

rugae

37
Q

what are the laters of the stomach wall?

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

38
Q

what are the components of the mucosa?

A

gastric pit
epithelium
lamina propria
gastric gland

39
Q

what are the important epithelial cells of the gastric gland?

A

surface mucus cells
parietal cells
chief cells
enteroendocrine cells

40
Q

the four epithelial cells of the gastric gland make secretions. All of these secretions mixed together with food to make what?

A

chyme

41
Q

what do surface mucus cells secrete?

A

thick alkaline mucus that protects the mucosa of the stomach from harsh acids side the stomach

42
Q

what do the parietal cells of the gastric glands secrete?

A

hydrochloric acid
- kills microorganisms that were swallowed
- natures proteins
Intrinsic factors are made for the absorption of B12 in the small intestine

43
Q

what do chief cells of the mucosa secrete?

A

pepsinogen (precursor of the enzyme peptin)

- break down proteins into smaller pieces

44
Q

what do enteroendocrine cells of the mucosa secrete?

A

gastrin, somatostatin, histamine, several paracrine and endocrine hormones.
- regulate overall activity of stomach and small intestine

45
Q

what are the digestive functions of the stomach?

A

chemical breakdown of proteins begins

  • HCL unfolds proteins
  • pepsin chops them to smaller pieces
46
Q

T/F the stomach absorbs a lot of nutrients?

A

F

47
Q

what does the stomach absorb?

A

Aspirin

some alcohol since it is lipid soluble

48
Q

The erosion of the mucosal lining in the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum is called what?

A

Peptic ulcers

49
Q

Most cases of Peptic ulcers involve what?

A

H. plyori bacteria

50
Q

what does H. plyori bacteria cause?

A

chronic inflammation of the mucosa

compromises the integrity of natural defenses (esp mucus production)

51
Q

what are the three sections of the small intestine?

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

52
Q

where does bile come from?

A

liver and gallbladder

53
Q

how long is the duodenum?

A

10 inch - 1 ft

54
Q

what does the duodenum do?

A

“mixing bowl” where chyme is mixed with pancreatic secretions and bile

55
Q

what are the circular folds of the submucosa in the small intestine called?

A

plicae

56
Q

how long is the jejunum?

A

7.5-8 ft

57
Q

what is the job of the jejunum is the small intestine?

A

most of the chemical digestion and absorption of organic nutrients takes place

58
Q

what one of the important features of the jejunum that helps in absorption?

A

lots of folding to increase surface area

59
Q

what are the folds of the plica called?

A

villi

60
Q

how long is the ileum?

A

11-12ft

61
Q

what is the job of the ileum?

A

continued absorption, specifically the absorption of vitamin B12

62
Q

what is the folding of the ileum like in the small intestine?

A

still has microvilli and plicae, but plicae is less prominent.

63
Q

what kind of special lymphatic tissue is found in the ileum?

A

preyers patches (MALT tissue)

64
Q

what are the four parts of the large intestine?

A

cecum
colon
rectum
anal canal

65
Q

what are the four sections of the colon?

A

ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid

66
Q

what are some features of the large intestine

A

mucosal layer isnt folded

has a lot of goblet cells to make mucus

67
Q

what are the main functions of the large intestine?

A
  • reabsorb water
  • absorb some vitamins made by the bacteria living in the large intestine
  • conversion of organic wastes
  • storage of fecal matter
68
Q

what vitamins does the large intestine absorb?

A

Vit K
biotin
Vit B5

69
Q

what does the large intestines convert organic wastes into?

A
  • bilirubin into (stercobiliins and urobiliins)

- protein leftovers (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, indole/skatole)

70
Q

what contributes to the brown color of fecal matter?

A

stercobilins

71
Q

what kind of muscle does the anal canal have?

A

smooth muscle and skeletal muscle

72
Q

what are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

pancreas
liver
gallbladder

73
Q

what is meant by the pancreas is a dual glandular organ?

A

it is involved in the digestive and endocrine system

74
Q

what kind of cells in the pancreas makes digestive enzymes and buffers?

A

pancreatic acini

75
Q

what does the pancreatic acini use to dump into the duodenum?

A

the pancreatic duct

76
Q

what cells in the pancreas creates hormones that regulate blood glucose levels?

A

pancreatic islets

77
Q

what hormones do the pancreatic islets make?

A

insulin

glucagon

78
Q

what are the four lobes of the liver?

A

right lobe
left lobe
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe

79
Q

what is the major destination for digestive system venous blood?

A

Hepatic portal vein

80
Q

the liver is divided into functional units called ___.

A

lobules

81
Q

what makes up the portal triad

A

bile duct
portal venule
portal arteriole

82
Q

the direction of the blood through the lobule makes its way to the

A

central vein

83
Q

what are the functions of the liver?

A

metabolic regulation
hematological regulation
bile production

84
Q

the __ is used as storage and concentration of bile from the liver.

A

gallbladder

85
Q

what is the flow pattern of the bile duct system?

A
  1. L and R hepatic ducts merge to form common hepatic duct
  2. common hepatic and cystic ducts merge to common bile duct
  3. pancreatic duct merges with the common bile duct at the hepatopancreatic ampulla
  4. bile and pancreatic juices enter duodenum at the major duodenal papilla
86
Q

what is another term for gallstones found in the gallbladder?

A

cholelithiasis

87
Q

what are cholelithiasis made of?

A

cholesterol

Anatomy Exam #4 (4 decks)

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