Chapter 26

Question 1

Aerobic respiration

Answer 1

Process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen. Cells break down food in the mitochondria in a long, multi-step process that produces about 36 ATP

Question 2

Archaea

Answer 2

1 of 3 domains of life. Consists of unicellular prokaryotes distinguished by cell walls made of certain polysaccharides not found in bacterial or eukaryotic cell walls, plasma membranes

Question 3

Bioremediation

Answer 3

The use of living organisms. Usually bacteria or archaea to degrade environmental pollutant

Question 4

Thermophile

Answer 4

A bacterium or archaean that thrives in very hot environments

Question 5

Extremophile

Answer 5

organisms that thrives in an “extreme” environment (High salt, temp, pressure or low temp)

Question 6

Gram Positive

Answer 6

Looks purple when treated with gram stain. Walls consist of THICK layer of peptidoglycan and no outer phospholipid layer

Question 7

Phototrophs

Answer 7

An organism that produces ATP through photophosphorylation

Question 8

Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 8

respiration using electrons acceptors other that molecular oxygen

Question 9

Astobiology

Answer 9

Branch of biology concerned with the study of life on earth and in space

Question 10

Cellular respiration

Answer 10

A common pathway for production of ATP, involving transfer of electron from compounds with high potential energy through an electron transport chain and ultimately to a final electron acceptor.

Question 11

Cyanobacteria

Answer 11

a lineage of photosynthetic bacteria formerly known as blue-green algae. Likely first life forms to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis.

Question 12

Fertilizing

Answer 12

Fusion of the nuclei of 2 gametes to form a zygote with a nucleus. exception to the haploid and diploid rule are seen in polyploid species.

Question 13

Gram stain

Answer 13

A dye that distinguishes the two general types of cell walls found in bacteria. Used to routinely classify bacteria as gram-negative and gram-positive.

Question 14

Nitrogen Cycle

Answer 14

Movement of nitrogen among terrestrial ecosystems, the oceans, and the atmosphere.

Question 15

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

Answer 15

Bacterial photosynthesis that occurs under anaerobic conditions, using the photosynthetic electron transport chain in a non-cyclic mode and reduced in organic electron donors

Question 16

Pathogen

Answer 16

an entity capable of causing disease, such as a microbe, virus or prion

Question 17

Chemolithotrophs

Answer 17

an organism (Bacteria or archaea) that produces ATP by oxydizing inorganic molecules with high potential energy, such as ammonia or methane.

Question 18

Direct Sequencing

Answer 18

Used to ID and study microorgansms that can be grown in culture. Involves detecting and amplifying copies of genes in DNA, sequencing the genes, and then comparing the sequences with those from other organisms

Question 19

Germ Theory

Answer 19

(of disease) the theory that infectious diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses and other microbes

Question 20

Koch’s Postulates

Answer 20

4 criteria used to determine whether a suspected infectious agent causes a particular disease.

Question 21

Nitrogen Fixing

Answer 21

Turns Nitrogen into ammonia. This can be used to make many organic compounds, occurs in only a few lineages of prokaryotes.

Question 22

Antibiotics

Answer 22

Any substance, such as penicillin, that can kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.

Question 23

Bacteria

Answer 23

consists of unicellular prokaryotes distinguished by cell walls composed largely of peptidoglycan, plasma membranes similar to those of eukaryotic cells, and ribosomes and RNA polymerase that differs from those in Archaea and Eukarotes

Question 24

Chemoorganotrophs

Answer 24

An organism that produces ATP by oxydizing organic molecules with high potential energy such as sugars.

Question 25

Gram Negative

Answer 25

Looks pink with gram stain. Cell wall has a THIN layer of peptidoglycan and an outer phospholipid layer

Question 26

Metagenomics

Answer 26

study of genetic material recovered directly form environmental samples. The broad field may also be referred to as environmental genomics, ecogenomics or community genomics

Question 27

Oxygen Revolution

Answer 27

Involved the release of molecular oxygen into aquatic environments and the atmosphere, is a direction consequence of the invention by organisms of "modern", oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria

Question 28

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

Answer 28

Non-cyclic photosynthetic electron chain where the initial electron donor is water and, as a consequence, molecular oxygen is liberated as a byproduct.