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Bio 211 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

Biology and Tree of Life

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Adaptation

A

Heritable trait that increases the fitness of one with that trait in a particular environment

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2
Q

Cells

A

Highly organized compartment bound by a plasma membrane and contains concentrated chemicals in a watery solution. Basic structural and functional unit of all organisms

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3
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to do work or to supply heat. May be stored as potential Energy or available in form of motion as kinetic Energy.

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4
Q

Fitness

A

the ability of one to produce viable offspring relative to others of the same species

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable statement that explains a phenomenon or a set of observations

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6
Q

Natural Selection

A

Process by which individuals with certain heritable traits tend to produce more surviving offspring than those without, which causes change in genetic makeup

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7
Q

Phylum

A

Taxonomic category above class level and below the kingdom level in plants, sometimes called division

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8
Q

Prokaryotes

A

A member of the domain bacteria or archaea; a unicellular organism lacking in nucleus and containing relatively few organelles or cytoskeletal components.

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9
Q

Species

A

evolutionarily independent population or group of populations, generally distinct from other species in appearance, behavior, habitat, ecology, genetic, characteristics and soon

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10
Q

Artificial Selection

A

manipulation by humans, in animal or plant breeding, of the genetic composition of a population by allowing any ones with desired traits to reproduce

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11
Q

Control group

A

group that does not get experimental treatment but are otherwise identical to the group that does

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12
Q

Eukaryotes

A

organism whose cells contain a nucleus, numerous membrane bound organelles and an extensive cytoskeleton, unicellular or multicellular.

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13
Q

Genus

A

a taxonomic category of closely related species. Always italicized and capitalized to indicate that it is a recognized scientific genus.

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14
Q

Information

A

facts and findings in relation to many and all topics

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15
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

A hypothesis that specifies what the results of an experiment will be if main hypothesis is wrong. Often states there will be no difference between groups

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16
Q

Populations

A

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic area at the same time.

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17
Q

Replication

A

Being able to replicate a test to see if you get the same results

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18
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

Supposed production of living organisms from non-living matter, as inferred from apparent appearance of life in some supposedly sterile environments.

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19
Q

Cell theory

A

theory that all organisms are made of cells and that all cells came from preexisting cells.

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20
Q

Domain

A

Taxonomic category, based on similarities in basic cellular biochemistry, above kingdom level (Bacteria, Archaea, and Ekarya)

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21
Q

Evolution

A

Theory that all organisms are related by common ancestry and has changed overtime and continue to change. Change in allele frequencies

22
Q

Heritable

A

Referring to traits that can be transmitted from one generation to the next

23
Q

Theory of evolution

A

Created by Charles Darwin that says all living thing comes from one common background starting at the “Big Bang”. (Survival of the Fittest)

24
Q

Phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

25
Q

Prediction

A

a measurable/observable result of an experiment based on a particular hypothesis. Correct predictions provides support for the hypothesis being tested

26
Q

Speciation

A

The evolution of two or more distinct species from a single ancestral species

27
Q

Theory

A

An explaination for a broad class of phenomena that is supported by a wide body of evidence. a theory serves as framework for development of new hypotheses.

28
Q

What are the 5 fundamental traits of life?

A

Cells, Replications, Evolution, Information, Energy

29
Q

Are viruses alive? What evidence supports this?

A

No, viruses are not alive because they cant do anything alone. They cant multiply on their own which makes it non-living.

30
Q

How do hypotheses and theories differ?

A

Theory= proposed explanations for broad patterns in nature
Hypotheses= refers to explanations for more tightly focused questions
(Theory serves as framework for developing new hypotheses)

31
Q

What do scientists mean by “Theory” and does this mean the same thing as “in theory” that non-scientists may say in conversation?

A

they mean the same thing and it means that something could and should happen with a pattern to back it up.

32
Q

What is the cell theory in my own words

A

Cells make up all living organisms and all cells come from previous cells

33
Q

Did the cell theory challenge or support the concept of spontaneous generation?

A

Challenge, scientists thought bacteria and animals show up out of no where.

34
Q

What are the two claims made by Wallace and Darwin as they described the process of evolution?

A

1) Species are related by common ancestry
- — challenged the theory of species being independent and created by a define being
2) Characteristics can be modified from generation to generation
- — descent w/ modified; challenged the though that species do not change.

35
Q

what are the two conditions require for natural selection to occur?

A

1) Those within a population vary in characteristics that are heritable
2) in specific environments, certain versions of heritalbe traits help individuals survive better or reproduce more than others do.

36
Q

Would a trait that increases the lifespan of each individual in the population but decreases overall fertility lead to greater or lesser fitness of the affected individual?

A

Lesser fitness, since it specifically has to do with amount of offspring produced.

37
Q

What is the smallest unit that can evolve?

A

Population

38
Q

Do individuals evolve?

A

No, they retain the same genes they are born with

39
Q

If you continuously bred large-pod peas to other large pod peas, would you expect the average pod size to get smaller or larger? Why? What is this process called?

A

Larger, because the larger traits are generally the ones passed on. this process is called Artificial Selection.

40
Q

Distinguish between fitness and adaptation

A

Fitness- an individuals ability to reproduce

Adaptation- a trait that increase the fitness of an individual in an environment.

41
Q

Why did Carl Woese and his colleagues compare ribosomal RNA to build their phylogenetic trees

A

the sequences in DNA is a trait that can change during evolution

42
Q

Are archaea more related to bacteria or eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

43
Q

Are humans more related to fungus or plants?

A

Plants

44
Q

Compare the diameter of the prokaryotic cell to that of the eukaryotic cell. How much larger is eukaryotic compared to prokaryotic cells

A 
Prokaryotic = 0.1
Eukaryotic = 1.0 (10 times bigger)
45
Q

How do biologists correctly write an organism’s genus and species?

A

Italicized
genus is capitalized and comes first
species is not capitalized and comes second.

46
Q

what are the different hypotheses used to explain a giraffe’s long neck?

A

1) They need to reach the top most leaves to compete for food.
2) Fighting others for right to breed

47
Q

If the food hypotheses for giraffes are correct, then the feeding height should be higher or lower than compared to the population’s average height?

A

Higher

48
Q

Does the data given supports the “food availability” hypothesis?

A

No, because it shows that they eat lower most of the time

49
Q

What data support the sexual selection hypothesis?

A

Longer necked giraffes father more young since they win more fights, allowing them to pass that trait down.

50
Q

Describe three elements of a well-designed experiment.

A

1) control group to check for other factors that may influence outcomes
2) Experimental conditions controlled to eliminate other variables
3) Tests are repeated to reduce effects of distortion due to small sample sizes

51
Q

How do observational studies differ from experimental studies.

A
  • Observational are studying things by watching in a natural environment without tampering
  • Experimental are those that control the environment and compare by altering some units of the experiment
52
Q

What are control groups and why are they important?

A

Control groups are the item that stays the same throughout the experiment. Used to compare against the groups being altered.

Bio 211 (6 decks)

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