Chapter 26

Question 0

To declare a state of affairs

Answer 0

Claim

Question 1

A stated position, with support for or against an idea or issue

Answer 1

Argument

Question 2

Supporting material that provides grounds for belief

Answer 2

Evidence

Question 3

A line of reasoning. Helps to support a claim and to substantiate in the audience’s mind the link between the claim and the evidence

Answer 3

Warrants

Question 4

Focus on whether something is or is not true or whether something will or will not happen

Answer 4

Claims of fact

Question 5

Address issues of judgement

Answer 5

Claims of value

Question 6

A type of claim of fact that addresses questions for which answers are not yet available

Answer 6

Speculative claims

Question 7

A group’s rules for behavior

Answer 7

Cultural norms

Question 8

Recommend that a specific course of action be taken or approved

Answer 8

Claims of policy

Question 9

A group’s shared beliefs and values about personal identity and relationships

Answer 9

Cultural premises

Question 10

Use the needs, desires, emotions, and values of audience members as the basis for accepting some evidence as support for a claim, and thus accepting the claim itself

Answer 10

Motivational warrants

Question 11

Operate on the basis of the audience’s beliefs about the reliability of factual evidence

Answer 11

Substantive warrants

Question 12

A warrant that appeals to the credibility the audience assigns to the source of the evidence

Answer 12

Authoritative warrants

Question 13

Offer a cause-and-effect relationship as proof of the claim

Answer 13

Warrants by cause

Question 14

Imply that such a close relationship exists between two variables that the presence or absence of one may be taken as an indication of the presence or absence of the other

Answer 14

Warrants by sign

Question 15

Compare two similar cases and imply that what is true in one case is true in the other

Answer 15

Warrants by analogy

Question 16

Is either a false or erroneous statement or an invalid or deceptive line of reasoning

Answer 16

Logical fallacy

Question 17

A theory of persuasive speaking in which a speaker anticipates and addresses counterarguments

Answer 17

Inoculation effect

Question 18

A fallacy in which an argument is stated in such a way that it cannot help but be true, even though no evidence has been presented

Answer 18

Begging the question

Question 19

Pose arguments that use general opinions as their bases

Answer 19

Bandwagoning

Question 20

Poses an argument stated in terms of only two alternatives, even though there may be many additional alternatives

Answer 20

Either-or fallacy

Question 21

Targets a person instead of the issue at hand in a attempt to incite an audience’s dislike for that person

Answer 21

Ad hominem argument

Question 23

A fallacy of reasoning in which the speaker relies on irrelevant information to support an argument

Answer 23

Red herring fallacy

Question 24

A fallacy of reasoning in which the speaker attempts to support a claim by asserting that a particular piece of evidence is true for all individuals or conditions concerned

Answer 24

Hasty generalization

Question 25

An argument in which the conclusion is not connected to the reasoning

Answer 25

Non sequitur

Question 26

An argument based on a faulty assumption that one case will necessarily lead to a series of events or actions

Answer 26

Slippery slope

Question 27

A fallacy of reasoning in which the speaker argues for the truth of a claim based on solely on common practices in the past

Answer 27

Appeal to tradition