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Pediatrics > Chapter 26 - 29: Growth and Development. > Flashcards

Chapter 26 - 29: Growth and Development. Flashcards

1
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial development stages

  1. Infancy:
  2. Toddler:
  3. Preschool
  4. School age
  5. Adolescence
A
  1. birth to 1 year old: Trust versus mistrust - either you learn to trust or you don’t.
  2. 1 year to 3 year old: autonomy versus shame and doubt - self control or defiance
  3. year 3 to 6: initiative versus guilt - learns limits and evaluates behavior or fearful with no self confidence
  4. year 6 to 12: industry versus inferiority - self confidence and able to perform school age activities or feeling mediocre, self doubt and inadequate.
  5. year 12 to 20: identity versus role confusion - having a sense of self or inability to develop an identity.
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2
Q

phase of development from birth to 4 weeks of age?

A

neonatal stage - adjustment to extrauterine life

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3
Q

phase of development from 4 weeks of life to 12 months?

A

Infancy rapid growth, cognitive and social development

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4
Q

when do fontanels close?

A

Anterior fontanel - 12 to 18 months

Posterior fontanel - 6 to 8 weeks

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5
Q

per month, how much does infant grow in first 6 months?

A

2.5 cm per month

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6
Q

when does teeth erupt for infant?

A

6 -8 teeth by the end of the first year, first teeth should erupt by 10 months

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7
Q

how long does head lag stay in infants?

A

4 months of age

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8
Q

Explain infant motor development

A

2 months - lifts head off mattress in prone position
4 months - can roll to side
6 months - rolls back to front
7 months - can move object from hand to hand
8 months - sits unsupported
9 months - can crawl and pincer grasp, can pull to stand
10 - 11 months - can walk supported.

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9
Q

when can baby start to say words?

A

can begin to say 2 word phrases by 1 year

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10
Q

What would infants be stressed about?

A
  • Teething and needs not met
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11
Q

describe toddlerhood

A
  • slowed growth

- independence is paramount to toddlers

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12
Q

Physical characteristics and growth of toddlers

A
  • birth weight quadruples in 2 1/2 years
  • height increases by 8 inches
  • Hr is 110, respirations 26, bp is 99/65,
  • sphincter control at age 3 (toilet train)
  • appetite lessens due to slower growth
  • jump in place, throw over hand, uses spoon, drinks from cup.
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13
Q

Expected motor skills for Toddlers

A
  • Walks well forward and back
  • climbs furniture
  • throws overhand
  • voluntary releases hand
  • uses spoon and drinks from cup
  • scribbles
  • builds towers 4 then 6 then 9 to 10 stacks
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14
Q

toddler vocabulary.

A

increases from 10 to 20 words to 900 words by age3 years.

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15
Q

psychosocial development of toddlers:

A
  • temper tantrums
  • imitate chores,
  • points at body parts
  • identify animals
  • dressing with help (18 -24 months)
  • toilet training can begin
  • discipline should be consistent with well define bounderies
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16
Q
  • toddler play?

- toddler stressor?

A
  • parallel play

- separation from parents, changes in routine, toilet training, loud noises, animals.

17
Q

describe preschool stage

A
  • 3 year to 6 year old

- stage of language acquisition, social skills, and imagination

18
Q

physical characteristics of preschool age:

A
  • weight increases 4 - 6 lbs per year
  • birth length double by 4 year of age
  • Hr 90 - 100, RR 24-25, Bp 100/60-70
  • Permanent molars appear
  • maximum potential for visual acuity reached
19
Q

Expected motor skills for pre school children

A
  • ride tricycles
  • walk up and down stairs with alternating feet
  • bend over without tilting over
  • can hop on one foot
  • draws shapes (circle, cross, triangle)
  • dresses with assistance then progress to alone
20
Q

Describe the psychosocial development of preschool aged children

A
  • knows age, first name
  • uses plural and counts
  • three to four word sentences progressing to complex sentences
  • follow directions
  • knows simple songs and colours
  • asks inquisitive questions
  • gender specific behavior by 5 years old
  • becomes eager to please
  • may develop imaginary playmates
21
Q

preschool play:

A
  • interactive and cooperative
  • toys include : tricycles, playground equipment, construction sets, picture books, puzzles, paints, clay, imitative, and electronic games
22
Q

Stresses for preschool

A
  • illogical fears,
  • bodily injury (fears that puncture will not close and insides will spill out)
  • times of illness can cause regression (hospitalization, prolonged separation)
23
Q

Describe school age development

A
  • 6 to 11 year old
  • constant physical progress
  • mental and social development and competency
24
Q

Describe physical development of school aged children

A
  • slow growth and losing temporary teeth and getting permanent teeth
  • bone growth exceeds muscle growth resulting in increase risk for fractures and injuries
  • physiological changes can occur at 9 for girls and 11 for boys
25
Q

Expected motor skills for school aged children

A
  • skips
  • skates
  • tumbles
  • tandem walks backwards
  • prints and scripts
  • ties knots and bows
26
Q

describe the psychosocial of schoolaged children

A
  • time is mostly about school affecting morality (right and wrong) but no rationale
  • personal care is a thing
  • late school ages learn to recognize different point of views and modesty
27
Q

play examples for school aged children

A
  • cooperative group play like sports
  • board games
  • bike
  • hobbies
28
Q

school aged stressors

A

school
fear of death
disease and injury
punishment

29
Q

Describe Adolescence development

A
  • emotional and family conflict
  • biological and personality maturation
  • establishment of identity
30
Q

physical development of adolescence

A
  • wisdom teeth appear
  • puberty
  • final 20% of height achieved (slows at menarche and stops at 16 for girls and slows in late teens in boys)
31
Q

Psychosocial development in adolescence

A

changing body image with mood swings

  • seeking identity
  • family/parent conflicts. identifies beetter with peers and romantic relationships.
  • gender roles and sexuality
  • abstract thought and occupational decisions
32
Q

play/activities for adolescence

A

group sports, caring for pet

33
Q

stressors for adolescence

A

loss of control, fear of altered body image, separation from peers and social media

34
Q

warning signs to look out for in sensory development

A
  • no response to loud noises
  • child does not focus on a near object
  • inability to babble at 4 months
  • at age 4 months, infant should turn to locate sound
  • infant should not cross eyes often at 6 months age
35
Q

motor development warning signs

A
  • stiff or floppy arms and legs
  • child cannot support head at 3 to 4 months of age
  • child reaches with only one hand
  • child cannot sit with assistance at 6 months
  • child does not crawl at 12 months of age
  • child cannot stand supported at 12 months of age
36
Q

Warning signs for language development

A
  • infant should make sounds at 4 months
  • infant should laugh or squeal by 6 months
  • infants should be able to babble at 8 months
  • infants should be able to use single words by age 12
37
Q

Warnings signs for social and emotional development

A
  • child should be able to smile by 3 months of age
  • child refuses to cuddle
  • child does not enjoy people
  • child shows no interest at peek-a-boo at 8 months
38
Q

Role of the nurse

A 
Individualized care based on child and family’s needs
Promote growth and development through play
Promote early learning
Safety
Proper nutrition
H ealthy sleep and rest
H ealthy teeth and gums
A ppropriate discipline techniques

Pediatrics (15 decks)

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