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Pediatrics > Chapter 25: Growth and development of newborn infant > Flashcards

Chapter 25: Growth and development of newborn infant Flashcards

1
Q
  • Average newborn weight
  • what happens to baby weight in first week of life
  • what happens next
A
  • 3.4 kg (7.5 lbs)
  • they lose up to 10% weight over first week
  • they gain 30 g per day and regain weight by 10 to 14 days
  • baby’s double their weight by 4 months of age and triple by 1 year
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2
Q
  • average height of newborn
  • what happens in the first 6 months
  • what happens in the next 6 months
A
  • 50 cm (20 inches)
  • they grow quicker in the first 6 months than the next six months
  • by 12 months, the baby length has increased by 50%
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3
Q
  • average head circumference of full term newborn
  • what happens in the first 6 months of life compared to the next 6 months of life
  • how much is gained in 1 year
A
  • 35 cm (14 inches)
  • rapid increase in first 6 months then slow in the next 6 months
  • 10 cm (4 inch) gain
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4
Q

How does neurological system mature for an infant?

A

involuntary movement progress to voluntary, immature vocalization and crying progress to ability to speak

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5
Q

infant state of consciousness:

A
  1. deep sleep - sleeping with eyes closed and no movement
  2. light sleep - sleeping with eyes closed and slight movement
  3. drowsiness - eyes may be closed or half lidded, infant is dosing
  4. quiet alert - eyes wide open and body calm
  5. active alert - eyes open with body movement
  6. crying - crying and screaming, difficult to get attention
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6
Q
  • infant brain growth, when occur?
  • infant brain growth in 6 months?
  • at age 12 months
  • anterior fontanel remains open until when?
  • when do myelination occur
A
  • grows rapidly in the first 2 years of life
  • weighs half that of an adult
  • now weighs 2.5 times of original weight
  • 12 to 18 months, but some may close at 9 months
  • myelination continues through the first 2 years
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7
Q
  • what are the primitive reflexes present at birth?
  • which one disappear at 1 year of life
  • what replaces these primitive reflexes?
A
  • Moro, Rooting, Suck, tonic neck, plantar, palmar, step, and babinski
  • Babinski disappear at 1 year of age, everything else goes away in a few months
  • protective reflexes replaces primitive reflexes (righting and parachuting)
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8
Q
  • infant breath rate

- breath rate after 12 months

A
  • 30 to 60

- 20 to 30

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9
Q

Breath characteristics in an infant

A
  • irregular with periodic pauses
  • nasal passages are narrower
  • chest wall and trachea are more compliant
  • bronchi and bronchioles are shorter
  • tongue is larger
  • fewer alveoli
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10
Q

when do respiratory system reach adult levels of maturity?

A
  • 7 years of age. Lack of IgA causes increase infections in upper respiratory tract
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11
Q
  • describe the heart in the first year of life?
A
  • heart doubles its size in the first year of life
  • heart rate of a newborn is 120 to 140 and decreases to about 100
  • BP increases 60/40 to 100/50
  • thermoregulation improves (capillaries constrict and dilate in response to stimuli)
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12
Q
  • newborn and teeth
A
  • infants can be born with one or more teeth or develops them in the first 28 days of life
  • more commonly, however, teeth don’t develop until 6 to 8 months
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13
Q
  • by 1 year of age, how large has the stomach grown
A
  • can accommodate 3 full meals with few snacks per day
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14
Q

3 particular enzymes important in digestion

A
  1. trypsin -digestion of protein
  2. amylase - digests complex carbohydrates (reach adult levels at 5 months)
  3. lipase - fat digestion (reach adult levels at 5 months)
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15
Q

when is the ability to conjugate bilirubin and secrete bile present in children

A

after 2 weeks of life

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16
Q

newborns first stool

A

meconium

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17
Q
  1. formula fed stools

2. breast fed stools

A
  1. consistency of peanut butter

2. looser and seedy

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18
Q

when is passing stool a concern

A

when it is hard and dry

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19
Q

what to expect from newborn skin

A
  • vernix caseosa and lanugo
  • acrocyanosis
  • mottling
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20
Q

where do newborns get IgG

A

-mother

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21
Q
  1. ) Erikson’s psychosocial stage from birth to 1 year
  2. ) Piaget “ “
  3. ) Freud “ “
A
  1. ) Trust vs Mistrust - Newborn is provided for completely
  2. ) sensorimotor - infant uses senses and motor skills to learn about the world
  3. ) oral stage - Pleasure is achieved through feeding and sucking
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22
Q
  1. when does object permanence develop

2. what happens at age 12 months

A
  1. 4 to 7 months and solidified at 8 months
  2. -infant knows he or she is separate from caregiver, recognize themselves in mirror
    • infant throws, bangs, drop, and shake objects. They imitate gestures ( puts phone to ear, turns up cup to drink, attempts to comb hair).
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23
Q

how do gross motor skills develop

A

cephalocuadal- refers to development from head to tail

24
Q

gross motor skills in first 12 months by month:

A
  1. lifts and turns head to side in prone, back is rounded when sitting
  2. raises head and chest and holds position
  3. raises head to 45 degree in prone
  4. lifts head and looks around, can now roll from prone to supine. head leads body when pulled to sit
  5. rolls from supine to prone and back. can sit upright with support
  6. tripod sits
  7. sits alone with support from hands
  8. sits unsupported
  9. crawls with abdomen off floor
  10. pulls to stand
  11. sits from standing position, able to walk independently
25
Q

how do fine motor skills develop

A

proximodistal - from center to sides.

by 12 months of age the infant should be able to eat with fingers and assist with dressing

26
Q

what sense is present at birth

A

hearing and touch

27
Q
  • when it comes to sight, the infant can recognize people they know best by when?
  • full color vision develops by? and what else
A
  • 1 month of age

- 7 months, as well as ability to track objects and distance vision

28
Q

fine motor skills development in first 12 months:

A
  1. fists mostly clenched with involuntary hand movements
  2. holds hand infront of face, hands can be open
  3. bats at objects
  4. can grasp rattle
  5. can release objects in hand
  6. can transfer objects from one hand to the other
  7. gross pincer grasps (rakes)
  8. bangs objects together
  9. fine pincer grasps, can put and take out objects in container
  10. offers objects to others and can release them
  11. feeds self with spoon, makes simple marks on paper, and pokes with index finger
29
Q
  1. communication in 1 -3 month old babies
  2. at 4 to 5 months?
  3. 4 to 7
  4. 6 months?
  5. at 7 to 10 months?
  6. 9 to 12.
  7. at 12?
A
  1. baby coos and differentiated crying
  2. makes simple vowel sounds, laughs, can do raspberries, and vocalize in response to voices, their own name , and “no”
  3. can now distinguish emotion based on tone of voice
  4. can now squeal and yell
  5. babbling and strings “mamma and Dadda”
  6. attaches meaning to “mamma’ and “dadda”
  7. recognizes objects by name, imitates animal sounds. and tries to imitates words and babbles with inflection.
30
Q
  1. the infant exhibits the first real smile at this time

2. when will the infant start to enjoy patty cake or peak-a-boo

A
  1. what is 2 months of age

2. 6 to 8 months

31
Q
  • infant becomes distraught when approached by stranger.

- when does this occur

A
  • stranger anxiety

- 8 months

32
Q

infant becomes distraught when parents leave

A

-separation anxiety

33
Q

an individual’s nature; it is the child’s inborn traits that determine how he interacts with the world

A

temperament

34
Q

play where infant does not share or play with other infants

A

solitary play

35
Q

appropriate toys for 1 month old

A
  • colourful mobile
  • unbreakable mirror
  • soft music/music box
  • brightly coloured toys
36
Q

appropriate toys for 1- 4 months

A
  • bright mobile
  • unbreakable mirror
  • rattles
  • signing by parent
  • books with images
37
Q

appropriate toys for 4 to 7 months

A
  • fabric or board books
  • music
  • noisy toys and fancy rattles
  • floating bath toys
  • soft dolls
38
Q

appropriate toys for 8 to 12 months

A
  • plastic cups, bowls, buckets
  • unbreakable mirror
  • building blocks, stacking toys
  • busy boxes with sound and colours
  • balls, dolls, push-pull toys (older infants)
  • picture books
  • toy phone
39
Q

how would you promote early learning for infants

A

reading aloud books

40
Q

how long does the car seat have to be facing backwards

A

until infant is 12 months old and weighs 9kg(29 lbs).

41
Q

infant safety at home:

A
  • baby matters should be firm with no pillows, comforters, stuffed animals, or other soft items in crib.
  • gates in top and bottom of stairs.
  • cover electrical outlets
  • cabinets should be secured
  • be weary of small items that are choking hazards (stuffed animals with eyes or buttons, no popcorn, nuts, carrots, grapes, or hotdog pieces)
42
Q

when can solid foods be introduced to infants

A

6 months of age

43
Q

nursing actions for sore nipples

A
  • encourage/teach appropriate latching technique and de-latching technique
  • expose to air before feeding, let milk dry
  • use aloe vera
44
Q

nursing actions for engorgement

A

warm compress, stimulation, warm showers

45
Q

nursing actions for poor sucking

A

-feed when baby hungry, not on schedule

46
Q

nursing actions for inadequate milk supply

A

-decrease stress, proper diet and fluid intake, pump

47
Q

describe the recommended formula milk for infants and why?

A

-iron fortified formula because the infants iron supplies run low at 4 to 6 months

48
Q

infant signs of hunger?

A

-crying (late sign)
-bringing fist to chin
sucking motion and sucking on hands.

49
Q

storage of bottles and formula

A
  • hot soapy water is used or dish washer
  • opened formula can be kept in fridge for 48 hours
  • unused portions after each feeding is thrown away
  • when warming, warm by placing in container with hot water. Do not microwave.
50
Q

what reflex need to be gone for the infant to be introduced to solid spoon feeding and other requirements

A

extrusion reflex

  • the infant should also be able to sit up
  • solid foods are fed with a spoon
51
Q

foods to avoid for infants

A
  • egg yolk and meat
  • Honey
  • peanuts, popcorn, grapes (choking hazrds)
  • wheat, citrus, cow milk, egg white, peanut butter, strawberries (allergic potential foods)
52
Q

teeth cleaning

A
  • Before tooth eruption, parents should clean the child’s gums after feeding with a damp washcloth. After teeth have erupted, parents can continue to use a soft cloth for tooth cleaning and then eventually use a small soft-bristled toothbrush.
  • no milk or juice bottles in bed
  • wane from bottle at 12 to 15 months
  • at 1 year, recommended to dental visit
53
Q
  • defined as inconsolable crying that lasts 3 hours or longer per day and for which there is no physical cause
  • talk about it
A
  • Colic

- resolves around 3 months of age

54
Q

how to prevent spitting up?

A
  • small frequent feedings
  • burp baby 2 to 3 times after feeding
  • keep baby upright for 30 min after feed, no prone
  • avoid bouncing or excess activity
  • when placing on bed, slightly elevate head
55
Q

how to sooth teething pain

A

-cold the gums

Pediatrics (15 decks)

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